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The suggestion by Dr. Franklin S. Harris, Jr. , that these books be written arose pursuant to the editor's plaints that despite the implicitly or explicitly ack nowledged importance of both aerosols and particulate matter in innumerable domains of technology and human welfare, investigations of these subjects were generally not supported independently of the narrowest conceivable domains of their appli cations. Frank Harris, who has long been a contributor in one of the important domains of aerosol macrophysics, atmospheric optics, challenged the editor to elaborate his views. Ideally, they would have taken the form of a monograph; however, there is as yet an insufficient body of information to present a unified treatment. At the same time, substantial efforts are in progress in the component fields to hold the promise for the emergence of unifying elements which will even tually facilitate their presentation to be made with a high degree of integrity. There are numerous pertinent and systematic tie-ins between project-oriented aerosol work and basic physical investigations which are themselves quite closely akin to much classical and current work in physical science. The most significant aspect of these tie-ins is their potential for making substantial contributions to the functional needs of the applications areas while stimulating significant questions of basic physics. For this to be possible, it is necessary that the most relevant areas of physics be identified in such a manner as to make clear their re levance for aerosol-related studies and vice versa.
Cloud physics has achieved such a voluminous literature over the past few decades that a significant quantitative study of the entire field would prove unwieldy. This book concentrates on one major aspect: cloud microphysics, which involves the processes that lead to the formation of individual cloud and precipitation particles. Common practice has shown that one may distinguish among the following addi tional major aspects: cloud dynamics, which is concerned with the physics respon sible for the macroscopic features of clouds; cloud electricity, which deals with the electrical structure of clouds and the electrification processes of cloud and precipi tation particles; and cloud optics and radar meteorology, which describe the effects of electromagnetic waves interacting with clouds and precipitation. Another field intimately related to cloud physics is atmospheric chemistry, which involves the chemical composition ofthe atmosphere and the life cycle and characteristics of its gaseous and particulate constituents. In view of the natural interdependence of the various aspects of cloud physics, the subject of microphysics cannot be discussed very meaningfully out of context. Therefore, we have found it necessary to touch briefly upon a few simple and basic concepts of cloud dynamics and thermodynamics, and to provide an account of the major characteristics of atmospheric aerosol particles. We have also included a separate chapter on some of the effects of electric fields and charges on the precipitation-forming processes.
An Introduction to Clouds provides a fundamental understanding of clouds, ranging from cloud microphysics to the large-scale impacts of clouds on climate. On the microscale, phase changes and ice nucleation are covered comprehensively, including aerosol particles and thermodynamics relevant for the formation of clouds and precipitation. At larger scales, cloud dynamics, mid-latitude storms and tropical cyclones are discussed leading to the role of clouds on the hydrological cycle and climate. Each chapter ends with problem sets and multiple-choice questions that can be completed online, and important equations are highlighted in boxes for ease of reference. Combining mathematical formulations with qualitative explanations of underlying concepts, this accessible book requires relatively little previous knowledge, making it ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in atmospheric science, environmental sciences and related disciplines.
Clouds affect our daily weather and play key roles in the global climate. Through their ability to precipitate, clouds provide virtually all of the fresh water on Earth and are a crucial link in the hydrologic cycle. With ever-increasing importance being placed on quantifiable predictions - from forecasting the local weather to anticipating climate change - we must understand how clouds operate in the real atmosphere, where interactions with natural and anthropogenic pollutants are common. This textbook provides students - whether seasoned or new to the atmospheric sciences - with a quantitative yet approachable path to learning the inner workings of clouds. Developed over many years of the authors' teaching at Pennsylvania State University, Physics and Chemistry of Clouds is an invaluable textbook for advanced students in atmospheric science, meteorology, environmental sciences/engineering and atmospheric chemistry. It is also a very useful reference text for researchers and professionals.
Mixed-Phase Clouds: Observations and Modeling presents advanced research topics on mixed-phase clouds. As the societal impacts of extreme weather and its forecasting grow, there is a continuous need to refine atmospheric observations, techniques and numerical models. Understanding the role of clouds in the atmosphere is increasingly vital for current applications, such as prediction and prevention of aircraft icing, weather modification, and the assessment of the effects of cloud phase partition in climate models. This book provides the essential information needed to address these problems with a focus on current observations, simulations and applications. - Provides in-depth knowledge and simulation of mixed-phase clouds over many regions of Earth, explaining their role in weather and climate - Features current research examples and case studies, including those on advanced research methods from authors with experience in both academia and the industry - Discusses the latest advances in this subject area, providing the reader with access to best practices for remote sensing and numerical modeling
Aerosols, which are gas-phase dispersions of particulate matter, draw upon and con tribute to multidisciplinary work in technology and the natural sciences. As has been true throughout the history of science with other fields of interest whose un derlying disciplinary structure was either unclear or insufficiently well developed to contribute effectively to those fields, "aerosol science" has. developed its own methods and lore somewhat sequestered from the main lines of contemporary physical thought. Indeed, this independent development is the essential step in which syste matic or phenomenological descriptions are evolved with validity of sufficient gen erality to suggest the potential for development of a physically rigorous and gen eralizable body of knowledge. At the same time, the field has stimulated many ques tions which, limited to its own resources, are hopelessly beyond explanation. As Kuhn pointed out in The Structure of Scientific Revolution [2nd enlarged edition (University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1970) Chapter II and Postscript-1969) this is a very common juncture in the development of a science. In brief, the transition from this earlier stage to the mature stage of the science involves a general re cognition and agreement of what the foundations of the field consist of. By this critical step, a field settles upon a common language which is well defined rather than the ambiguous, and often undefined descriptors prevalent at the earlier stage.
This book advances understanding of cloud microphysics and provides a unified theoretical foundation for modeling cloud processes, for researchers and advanced students.
Life on Earth is critically dependent upon the continuous cycling of water between oceans, continents and the atmosphere. Precipitation (including rain, snow, and hail) is the primary mechanism for transporting water from the atmosphere back to the Earth’s surface. It is also the key physical process that links aspects of climate, weather, and the global hydrological cycle. Changes in precipitation regimes and the frequency of extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, severe ice/snow storms, monsoon fluctuations and hurricanes are of great potential importance to life on the planet. One of the factors that could contribute to precipitation modification is aerosol pollution from various sources such as urban air pollution and biomass burning. Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric aerosols might have important implications for precipitation by influencing the hydrological cycle, which in turn could feed back to climate changes. From an Earth Science perspective, a key question is how changes expected in climate will translate into changes in the hydrological cycle, and what trends may be expected in the future. We require a much better understanding and hence predictive capability of the moisture and energy storages and exchanges among the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, continents and biological systems. This book is a review of our knowledge of the relationship between aerosols and precipitation reaching the Earth's surface and it includes a list of recommendations that could help to advance our knowledge in this area.
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