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A major surprise of the Apollo Moon missions was the deleterious impact of lunar dust on the astronauts, their spacesuits and other equipment, and even inside the Command/Service Module during their return to Earth. Lunar dust permeated everything and impacted mechanical systems. The dust on the Moon’s surface was disturbed and became airborne by the routine actions of the astronauts as they walked and performed their exploration of the lunar surface. Over the last decade, as NASA’s plans for the human exploration of Mars have developed and matured, a major concern has been the possible negative impacts of Mars surface and atmospheric dust on human health and on the human surface systems and surface operations on the Red Planet. In this book, 41 Mars scientists, mission engineers and planners and medical researchers have reviewed our current understanding and identified the knowledge gaps in a wide range of areas, including the chemical, physical and electrical properties of Mars atmospheric dust; the evolution and occurrence of localized, regional and planetary-scale dust storms; the human health effects of Mars atmospheric dust, including inhalation of and potential toxicity of dust particles; and the impact of Mars atmospheric dust on surface systems and on surface operations, among others.
Inhalation aerosols continue to be the basis for successful lung therapy for several diseases, with therapeutic strategies and the range of technology significantly evolving in recent years. In response, this third edition takes a new approach to reflect the close integration of technology with its application. After briefly presenting the general considerations that apply to aerosol inhalation, the central section of the book uses the focus on disease and therapeutic agents to illustrate the application of specific technologies. The final integrated strategies section draws the major points from the applications for disease targets and drug products.
Handbook of Lung Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Recent Trends and Clinical Evidences covers every aspect of the drug delivery to lungs, the physiology and pharmacology of the lung, modelling for lung delivery, drug devices focused on lung treatment, regulatory requirements, and recent trends in clinical applications. With the advent of nano sciences and significant development in the nano particulate drug delivery systems there has been a renewed interest in the lung as an absorption surface for various drugs. The emergence of the COVID-19 virus has brought lung and lung delivery systems into focus, this book covers new developments and research used to address the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases. Written by well-known scientists with years of experience in the field this timely handbook is an excellent reference book for the scientists and industry professionals. Key Features: Focuses particularly on the chemistry, clinical pharmacology, and biological developments in this field of research. Presents comprehensive information on emerging nanotechnology applications in diagnosing and treating pulmonary diseases Explores drug devices focused on lung treatment, regulatory requirements, and recent trends in clinical applications Examines specific formulations targeted to pulmonary systems
Inhaled therapies form the cornerstone for treatment of patients with asthma and COPD. Evolving technology has resulted in availability of a wide range of devices for delivery of inhaled drugs. The four different delivery systems -- pressurized metered-dose inhalers, slow mist inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers -- are unique in design and require distinct inhalational instructions for correct use. This book provides current information about inhalation devices, including their advantages and disadvantages, with guidance for optimal techniques of use. The book emphasizes appropriate selection of inhalation devices based on patient and health care professional factors as well as device attributes that allow selection of the right medication in the right inhalation device at the right time for the right patient. Key Features: • Addresses the objective of precision medicine – the right medication in the right inhaler device at the right time. • Inputs by international thought leaders who have published widely on inhaled medications and/or inhaled delivery systems for clinicians, trainees and respiratory therapists. • Discusses the development of audio-based systems and smart inhalers for patient monitoring.
This book focuses on the aerosol treatment of lung diseases, recent improvements in the understanding of proper dosage, and major innovations in device technology applied to clinical practice. Examines the behavior of inspired spherical particles in the respiratory tract!Featuring over 1300 references, drawings, tables, and photographs.
This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
"The combination of scientific and institutional integrity represented by this book is unusual. It should be a model for future endeavors to help quantify environmental risk as a basis for good decisionmaking." â€"William D. Ruckelshaus, from the foreword. This volume, prepared under the auspices of the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization created and funded jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry, brings together experts on atmospheric exposure and on the biological effects of toxic substances to examine what is knownâ€"and not knownâ€"about the human health risks of automotive emissions.
Written as a concise clinical reference guide covering the current and future airway disease treatments, this text encompasses: pathophysiology of respiratory tract diseasesthe methods of measuring airway and clinical responsesthe concepts upon which many treatments are used in COPD and asthma conditionsthe way in which these treatments work,
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the field of aerosol science related to particle inhalation and its effect on the lung, predominately in humans. It covers the basics of aerosol behavior, transport, deposition, clearance, and effects of aerosols, both environmental and therapeutic. Aimed at the researcher entering the field of aerosol inhalation it provides a valuable introductory resource in an accessible format.