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The purpose of this manual is to provide recovery system engineers in government and industry with tools to evaluate, analyze, select, and design parachute recovery systems. These systems range from simple, one-parachute assemblies to multiple-parachute systems, and may include equipment for impact attenuation, flotation, location, retrieval, and disposition. All system aspects are discussed, including the need for parachute recovery, the selection of the most suitable recovery system concept, concept analysis, parachute performance, force and stress analysis, material selection, parachute assembly and component design, and manufacturing. Experienced recovery system engineers will find this publication useful as a technical reference book; recent college graduates will find it useful as a textbook for learning about parachutes and parachute recovery systems; and technicians with extensive practical experience will find it useful as an engineering textbook that includes a chapter on parachute- related aerodynamics. In this manual, emphasis is placed on aiding government employees in evaluating and supervising the design and application of parachute systems. The parachute recovery system uses aerodynamic drag to decelerate people and equipment moving in air from a higher velocity to a lower velocity and to a safe landing. This lower velocity is known as rate of descent, landing velocity, or impact velocity, and is determined by the following requirements: (1) landing personnel uninjured and ready for action, (2) landing equipment and air vehicles undamaged and ready for use or refurbishment, and (3) impacting ordnance at a preselected angle and velocity.
A test was conducted in the 16-ft supersonic tunnel to obtain drag, inflation, and stability characteristics of a metal ballute, a cloth ballute, and three hemisflo parachutes (5-, 10-, and 15-percent porosity). The cloth and metal ballutes were investigated at Mach numbers of 2.5 and 2.9, respectively, at a dynamic pressure of 120 psfa. The hemisflo parachutes were investigated at a Mach number of 2.6 at a dynamic pressure of 120 psfa. The drag coefficient of the hemisflo parachutes decreased as canopy porosity increased. There was no discernible effect of canopy porosity on stability of the parachutes.
This document serves as the third revision of the USAF Parachute Handbook which was first published in 1951. The data and information represent the current state of the art relative to recovery system design and development. The initial chapters describe representative recovery applications, components, subsystems, material, manufacture and testing. The final chapters provide empirical data and analytical methods useful for predicting performance and presenting a definitive design of selected components into a reliable recovery system.
"This report consists of lecture notes of an AGARD Fluid Dynamics Panel Special Course. These notes provide the latest information on the development and use of dynamic experiments in wind tunnels from several of the NATO nations. They address current oscillatory and rotary test techniques, experimental results for typical configurations, and the use of these data for flight mechanics applications. Subject included are: dynamic lift, wing rock, fluid dynamics of rotary flows, mathematical modelling, non-linear data representation, vortex manipulation for control enhancement, and correlations of predictions based on rotary and oscillatory wind-tunnel and flight-test results. The complete course notes are contained in two volumes. The main part of the notes is contained in AGARD Advisory Report 265 (ADA235179). The present volume includes papers on: Unsteady aerodynamics of slender wings; Dynamic stall effects and applications to high performance aircraft; Oscillatory test techniques; Large amplitude oscillations; Oscillatory data for typical configurations; and Forebody vortex control."--Stinet.
A test was conducted in a supersonic wind tunnel, to determine deployment characteristics and aerodynamic performance of disk-gap-band parachutes of various geometric porosities and ballutes with various ram-air inlet configurations. Deployments were made from a reentry-type model at nominal free-stream Mach numbers from 2.0 to 3.7 at a nominal free-stream dynamic pressure of 70 psf.