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Ever since the early days of machine learning and data mining, it has been realized that the traditional attribute-value and item-set representations are too limited for many practical applications in domains such as chemistry, biology, network analysis and text mining. This has triggered a lot of research on mining and learning within alternative and more expressive representation formalisms such as computational logic, relational algebra, graphs, trees and sequences. The motivation for using graphs, trees and sequences. Is that they are 1) more expressive than flat representations, and 2) potentially more efficient than multi-relational learning and mining techniques. At the same time, the data structures of graphs, trees and sequences are among the best understood and most widely applied representations within computer science. Thus these representations offer ideal opportunities for developing interesting contributions in data mining and machine learning that are both theoretically well-founded and widely applicable. The goal of this book is to collect recent outstanding studies on mining and learning within graphs, trees and sequences in studies worldwide.
Currently, several artificial intelligence technologies are growing increasingly mature, including computational modeling of reasoning, natural language processing, information retrieval, information extraction, machine learning, electronic agents, and reasoning with uncertainty. Their integration in and adaptation to legal knowledge and information systems needs to be studied. Parallel to this development, e-government applications are gradually gaining ground among local, national, European and international institutions. More than 25 years of research in the field of legal knowledge and information systems has resulted in many models for legal knowledge representation and reasoning. However, authors and reviewers rightly remarked that there are still some essential questions to be solved. First, there is a need for the integration and harmonization of the models. Secondly, there is the difficult problem of knowledge acquisition in a domain that is in constant evolution. If one wants to realize a fruitful marriage between artificial intelligence and e-government, the aid of technologies that automatically extract knowledge from natural language and from other forms of human communication and perception is needed.
The most common document formalisation for text classi?cation is the vector space model founded on the bag of words/phrases representation. The main advantage of the vector space model is that it can readily be employed by classi?cation - gorithms. However, the bag of words/phrases representation is suited to capturing only word/phrase frequency; structural and semantic information is ignored. It has been established that structural information plays an important role in classi?cation accuracy [14]. An alternative to the bag of words/phrases representation is a graph based rep- sentation, which intuitively possesses much more expressive power. However, this representation introduces an additional level of complexity in that the calculation of the similarity between two graphs is signi?cantly more computationally expensive than between two vectors (see for example [16]). Some work (see for example [12]) has been done on hybrid representations to capture both structural elements (- ing the graph model) and signi?cant features using the vector model. However the computational resources required to process this hybrid model are still extensive.
Over the past years, Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) technology has evolved and moved from the research laboratories to the mainstream, in which many organizations are now leveraging it as part of their core infrastructure system for providing and building security in their businesses. Understanding the challenges and requirements of PKI related operations through the sharing of case studies are critical to supporting the continued research and development of PKI technologies and related systems and applications to further progress and innovate for enhancing future development and evolution of PKI in the enterprises. This publication includes topics such as: PKI Operation & Case Study; Non-repudiation; Authorization & Access Control, Authentication & Time-Stamping, Certificate Validation & Revocation and Cryptographic Applications.
The field of Artificial Intelligence in Education has continued to broaden and now includes research and researchers from many areas of technology and social science. This study opens opportunities for the cross-fertilization of information and ideas from researchers in the many fields that make up this interdisciplinary research area, including artificial intelligence, other areas of computer science, cognitive science, education, learning sciences, educational technology, psychology, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, linguistics, and the many domain-specific areas for which Artificial Intelligence in Education systems have been designed and built. An explicit goal is to appeal to those researchers who share the perspective that true progress in learning technology requires both deep insight into technology and also deep insight into learners, learning, and the context of learning. The theme reflects this basic duality.
Focuses on the integration of ordinary differential equations within the interval constraints framework, which for this purpose is extended with the formalism of Constraint Satisfaction Differential Problems. Such a framework allows the specification of ordinary differential equations by means of constraints.