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This book is the proceedings of CRYPTO 86, one in a series of annual conferences devoted to cryptologic research. They have all been held at the University of California at Santa Barbara. The first conference in this series, CRYPTO 81, organized by A. Gersho, did not have a formal proceedings. The proceedings of the following four conferences in this series have been published as: Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of Crypto 82, D. Chaum, R. L. Rivest, and A. T. Sherman, eds., Plenum, 1983. Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of Crypto 83, D. Chaum, ed., Plenum, 1984. Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of CRYPTO 84, G. R. Blakley and D. Chaum, eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science #196, Springer, 1985. Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO '85 Proceedings, H. C. Williams, ed., Lecture Notes in Computer Science #218, Springer, 1986. A parallel series of conferences is held annually in Europe. The first of these had its proceedings published as Cryptography: Proceedings, Burg Feuerstein 1982, T. Beth, ed., Lecture Notes in Computer Science #149, Springer, 1983.
This book is the proceedings of CRYPTO 86, one in a series of annual conferences devoted to cryptologic research. They have all been held at the University of California at Santa Barbara. The first conference in this series, CRYPTO 81, organized by A. Gersho, did not have a formal proceedings. The proceedings of the following four conferences in this series have been published as: Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of Crypto 82, D. Chaum, R. L. Rivest, and A. T. Sherman, eds., Plenum, 1983. Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of Crypto 83, D. Chaum, ed., Plenum, 1984. Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of CRYPTO 84, G. R. Blakley and D. Chaum, eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science #196, Springer, 1985. Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO '85 Proceedings, H. C. Williams, ed., Lecture Notes in Computer Science #218, Springer, 1986. A parallel series of conferences is held annually in Europe. The first of these had its proceedings published as Cryptography: Proceedings, Burg Feuerstein 1982, T. Beth, ed., Lecture Notes in Computer Science #149, Springer, 1983.
Zero-knowledge interactive proofsystems are a new technique which can be used as a cryptographic tool for designing provably secure protocols. Goldwasser, Micali, and Rackoff originally suggested this technique for controlling the knowledge released in an interactive proof of membership in a language, and for classification of languages [19]. In this approach, knowledge is defined in terms of complexity to convey knowledge if it gives a computational advantage to the receiver, theory, and a message is said for example by giving him the result of an intractable computation. The formal model of interacting machines is described in [19, 15, 171. A proof-system (for a language L) is an interactive protocol by which one user, the prover, attempts to convince another user, the verifier, that a given input x is in L. We assume that the verifier is a probabilistic machine which is limited to expected polynomial-time computation, while the prover is an unlimited probabilistic machine. (In cryptographic applications the prover has some trapdoor information, or knows the cleartext of a publicly known ciphertext) A correct proof-system must have the following properties: If XE L, the prover will convince the verifier to accept the pmf with very high probability. If XP L no prover, no matter what program it follows, is able to convince the verifier to accept the proof, except with vanishingly small probability.
Crypto 2001, the 21st Annual Crypto conference, was sponsored by the Int- national Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR) in cooperation with the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Security and Privacy and the Computer Science Department of the University of California at Santa Barbara. The conference received 156 submissions, of which the program committee selected 34 for presentation; one was later withdrawn. These proceedings contain the revised versions of the 33 submissions that were presented at the conference. These revisions have not been checked for correctness, and the authors bear full responsibility for the contents of their papers. The conference program included two invited lectures. Mark Sherwin spoke on, \Quantum information processing in semiconductors: an experimentalist’s view." Daniel Weitzner spoke on, \Privacy, Authentication & Identity: A recent history of cryptographic struggles for freedom." The conference program also included its perennial \rump session," chaired by Stuart Haber, featuring short, informal talks on late{breaking research news. As I try to account for the hours of my life that ?ew o to oblivion, I realize that most of my time was spent cajoling talented innocents into spending even more time on my behalf. I have accumulated more debts than I can ever hope to repay. As mere statements of thanks are certainly insu cient, consider the rest of this preface my version of Chapter 11.
The EUROCRYPT ’96 conference was sponsored by the International Asso- ation for Cryptologic Research (IACR)l, in cooperation with the University of Saragossa. It took place at the Palacio de Congresos in Saragossa, Spain, during May 12-16, 1996. This was the fifteenth annual EUROCRYPT conference (this name has been used since the third conference held in 1984), each of which has been held in a different city in Europe. For the second time, proceedings were available at the conference. JosC Pastor Franco, the General Chair, was resp- sible for local organization and registration. His contribution to the snccess of the conference is gratefully acknowledged. The Program Committee considered 126 submitted papers and selected 34 for presentation. Each paper was sent to all members of the Program Committee and was assigned to at least three of them for careful evaluation. There were also two invited talks. James L. Massey, this year’s IACR Distinguished Ltcturer, gave a lecture entitled “The difficulty with difficulty”. Massey is the third to receive this honor, the first two being Gustavus Simmons and Adi Shamir. Shafi Goldwasser gave an invited talk entitled “Multi party secure protocols: past and present”. These proceedings contain revised versions of the 34 contributed talks. While the papers were carefully selected, they have not been refereed like submissions to a refereed journal. The authors bear full responsibility for the contents of their papers. Some authors may write final versions of their papers for publication in a refereed journal.
Crypto'92 took place on August 16-20, 1992. It was the twelfth in the series of annual cryptology conferences held on the beautiful campus of the University of California, Santa Barbara. Once again, it was sponsored by the International Association for Cryptologic Research, in cooperation with the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Security and Privacy. The conference ran smoothly, due to the diligent efforts of the g- eral chair, Spyros Magliveras of the University of Nebraska. One of the measures of the success of this series of conferences is represented by the ever increasing number of papers submitted. This year, there were 135 submissions to the c- ference, which represents a new record. Following the practice of recent program comm- tees, the papers received anonymous review. The program committee accepted 38 papers for presentation. In addition, there were two invited presentations, one by Miles Smid on the Digital Signature Standard, and one by Mike Fellows on presenting the concepts of cryptology to elementary-age students. These proceedings contains these 40 papers plus 3 papers that were presented at the Rump Session. I would like to thank all of the authors of the submitted papers and all of the speakers who presented papers. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the work of the program committee: Ivan Damgard (Aarhus University, Denmark), Odd Goldreich (Technion, Israel), Burt Kaliski (RSA Data Security, USA), Joe Kilian (NEC, USA).
The papers in this volume were presented at the CRYPTO '88 conference on theory and applications of cryptography, held in Santa Barbara, California, August 21-25, 1988. The papers were chosen for their perceived originality and often represent preliminary reports on continuing research. The main sections deal with the following topics: Zero-Knowledge, Number Theory, Pseudorandomness, Signatures, Complexity, Protocols, Security, Cryptoanalysis. As such, they will give the committed reader a unique insight into the very latest developments in the field.
Crypto '91 was the eleventh in a series of workshops on cryptology sponsoredby the International Association for Cryptologic Research and was held in Santa Barbara, California, in August 1991. This volume contains a full paper or an extended abstract for each of the 39 talks presented at the workshop. All theoretical and practical aspects of cryptology are represented, including: protocol design and analysis, combinatorics and authentication, secret sharing and information theory, cryptanalysis, complexity theory, cryptographic schemas based on number theory, pseudorandomness, applications and implementations, viruses, public-key cryptosystems, and digital signatures.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th Theory of Cryptography Conference, TCC 2007, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands in February 2007. The 31 revised full papers cover encryption, universally composable security, arguments and zero knowledge, notions of security, obfuscation, secret sharing and multiparty computation, signatures and watermarking, private approximation and black-box reductions, and key establishment.