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This volume expands and updates the coverage in the authors' popular 1992 book, Electron Microdiffraction. As the title implies, the focus of the book has changed from electron microdiffraction and convergent beam electron diffraction to all forms of advanced transmission electron microscopy. Special attention is given to electron diffraction and imaging, including high-resolution TEM and STEM imaging, and the application of these methods to crystals, their defects, and nanostructures. The authoritative text summarizes and develops most of the useful knowledge which has been gained over the years from the study of the multiple electron scattering problem, the recent development of aberration correctors and their applications to materials structure characterization, as well as the authors' extensive teaching experience in these areas. Advanced Transmission Electron Microscopy: Imaging and Diffraction in Nanoscience is ideal for use as an advanced undergraduate or graduate level text in support of course materials in Materials Science, Physics or Chemistry departments.
Preface to Second Edition Several new topics have been added, some small errors have been corrected and some new references have been added in this edition. New topics include aberration corrected instruments, scanning confocal mode of operations, Bloch wave eigenvalue methods and parallel computing techniques. The ?rst edition - cluded a CD with computer programs, which is not included in this edition. - stead the associated programs will be available on an associated web site (currently people.ccmr.cornell.edu/ ̃kirkland,but may move as time goes on). I wish to thank Mick Thomas for preparing the specimen used to record the image in Fig.5.26 and to thank Stephen P. Meisburger for suggesting an interesting biological specimen to use in Fig.7.24. Again, I apologize in advance for leaving out some undoubtedlyoutstanding r- erences. I also apologize for the as yet undiscovered errors that remain in the text. Earl J. Kirkland, December 2009 Preface to First Edition Image simulation has become a common tool in HREM (High Resolution El- tron Microscopy) in recent years. However, the literature on the subject is scattered among many different journals and conference proceedings that have occurred in the last two or three decades. It is dif?cult for beginners to get started in this ?eld.
This book has its origins in the intensive short courses on scanning elec tron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis which have been taught annually at Lehigh University since 1972. In order to provide a textbook containing the materials presented in the original course, the lecturers collaborated to write the book Practical Scanning Electron Microscopy (PSEM), which was published by Plenum Press in 1975. The course con tinued to evolve and expand in the ensuing years, until the volume of material to be covered necessitated the development of separate intro ductory and advanced courses. In 1981 the lecturers undertook the project of rewriting the original textbook, producing the volume Scan ning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis (SEMXM). This vol ume contained substantial expansions of the treatment of such basic material as electron optics, image formation, energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry, and qualitative and quantitative analysis. At the same time, a number of chapters, which had been included in the PSEM vol ume, including those on magnetic contrast and electron channeling con trast, had to be dropped for reasons of space. Moreover, these topics had naturally evolved into the basis of the advanced course. In addition, the evolution of the SEM and microanalysis fields had resulted in the devel opment of new topics, such as digital image processing, which by their nature became topics in the advanced course.
This book explains concepts of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffractometry (XRD) that are important for the characterization of materials. The fourth edition adds important new techniques of TEM such as electron tomography, nanobeam diffraction, and geometric phase analysis. A new chapter on neutron scattering completes the trio of x-ray, electron and neutron diffraction. All chapters were updated and revised for clarity. The book explains the fundamentals of how waves and wavefunctions interact with atoms in solids, and the similarities and differences of using x-rays, electrons, or neutrons for diffraction measurements. Diffraction effects of crystalline order, defects, and disorder in materials are explained in detail. Both practical and theoretical issues are covered. The book can be used in an introductory-level or advanced-level course, since sections are identified by difficulty. Each chapter includes a set of problems to illustrate principles, and the extensive Appendix includes laboratory exercises.
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy: Advanced Characterization Methods for Materials Science Applications The information comprised in this book is focused on discussing the latest approaches in the recording of high-fidelity quantitative annular dark-field (ADF) data. It showcases the application of machine learning in electron microscopy and the latest advancements in image processing and data interpretation for materials notoriously difficult to analyze using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). It also highlights strategies to record and interpret large electron diffraction datasets for the analysis of nanostructures. This book: Discusses existing approaches for experimental design in the recording of high-fidelity quantitative ADF data Presents the most common types of scintillator-photomultiplier ADF detectors, along with their strengths and weaknesses. Proposes strategies to minimize the introduction of errors from these detectors and avenues for dealing with residual errors Discusses the practice of reliable multiframe imaging, along with the benefits and new experimental opportunities it presents in electron dose or dose-rate management Focuses on supervised and unsupervised machine learning for electron microscopy Discusses open data formats, community-driven software, and data repositories Proposes methods to process information at both global and local scales, and discusses avenues to improve the storage, transfer, analysis, and interpretation of multidimensional datasets Provides the spectrum of possibilities to study materials at the resolution limit by means of new developments in instrumentation Recommends methods for quantitative structural characterization of sensitive nanomaterials using electron diffraction techniques and describes strategies to collect electron diffraction patterns for such materials This book helps academics, researchers, and industry professionals in materials science, chemistry, physics, and related fields to understand and apply computer-science–derived analysis methods to solve problems regarding data analysis and interpretation of materials properties.
Scanning transmission electron microscopy has become a mainstream technique for imaging and analysis at atomic resolution and sensitivity, and the authors of this book are widely credited with bringing the field to its present popularity. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy(STEM): Imaging and Analysis will provide a comprehensive explanation of the theory and practice of STEM from introductory to advanced levels, covering the instrument, image formation and scattering theory, and definition and measurement of resolution for both imaging and analysis. The authors will present examples of the use of combined imaging and spectroscopy for solving materials problems in a variety of fields, including condensed matter physics, materials science, catalysis, biology, and nanoscience. Therefore this will be a comprehensive reference for those working in applied fields wishing to use the technique, for graduate students learning microscopy for the first time, and for specialists in other fields of microscopy.
The book is concerned with the theory, background, and practical use of transmission electron microscopes with lens correctors that can correct the effects of spherical aberration. The book also covers a comparison with aberration correction in the TEM and applications of analytical aberration corrected STEM in materials science and biology. This book is essential for microscopists involved in nanoscale and materials microanalysis especially those using scanning transmission electron microscopy, and related analytical techniques such as electron diffraction x-ray spectrometry (EDXS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS).
In this book, the bases of imaging and diffraction in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) are explained in the style of a textbook. The book focuses on the explanation of electron microscopic imaging of TEM and STEM without including in the main text distracting information on basic knowledge of crystal diffraction, wave optics, electron lens, and scattering and diffraction theories, which are explained separately in the appendices. A comprehensive explanation is provided on the basis of Fourier transform theory, and this approach is unique in comparison with other advanced resources on high-resolution electron microscopy. With the present textbook, readers are led to understand the essence of the imaging theories of TEM and STEM without being diverted by other knowledge of electron microscopy. The up-to-date information in this book, particularly on imaging details of STEM and aberration corrections, is valuable worldwide for today’s graduate students and professionals just starting their careers.
This text is a companion volume to Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science by Williams and Carter. The aim is to extend the discussion of certain topics that are either rapidly changing at this time or that would benefit from more detailed discussion than space allowed in the primary text. World-renowned researchers have contributed chapters in their area of expertise, and the editors have carefully prepared these chapters to provide a uniform tone and treatment for this exciting material. The book features an unparalleled collection of color figures showcasing the quality and variety of chemical data that can be obtained from today’s instruments, as well as key pitfalls to avoid. As with the previous TEM text, each chapter contains two sets of questions, one for self assessment and a second more suitable for homework assignments. Throughout the book, the style follows that of Williams & Carter even when the subject matter becomes challenging—the aim is always to make the topic understandable by first-year graduate students and others who are working in the field of Materials Science Topics covered include sources, in-situ experiments, electron diffraction, Digital Micrograph, waves and holography, focal-series reconstruction and direct methods, STEM and tomography, energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM) imaging, and spectrum imaging. The range and depth of material makes this companion volume essential reading for the budding microscopist and a key reference for practicing researchers using these and related techniques.
This book highlights the current understanding of materials in the context of new and continuously emerging techniques in the field of electron microscopy. The authors present applications of electron microscopic techniques in characterizing various well-known & new nanomaterials. The applications described include both inorganic nanomaterials as well as organic nanomaterials.