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In 1994 NASA Administrator selected the first high-energy particle physics experiment for the Space Station, the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), to place a magnetic spectrometer in Earth orbit and search for cosmic antimatter. A natural consequence of this decision was that NASA would begin to explore cost-effective ways through which the design and implementation of AMS might benefit other promising payload experiments. The first such experiment to come forward was Advanced Cosmic-Ray Composition Experiment for Space Station (ACCESS) in 1996. It was proposed as a new mission concept in space physics to attach a cosmic-ray experiment of weight, volume, and geometry similar to the AMS on the International Space Station (ISS), and replace the latter as its successor when the AMS is returned to Earth. This was to be an extension of NASA's suborbital balloon program, with balloon payloads serving as the precursor flights and heritage for ACCESS. The balloon programs have always been a cost-effective NASA resource since the particle physics instrumentation for balloon and space applications are directly related. The next step was to expand the process, pooling together expertise from various NASA centers and universities while opening up definition of the ACCESS science goals to the international community through the standard practice of peer review. This process is still ongoing, and the accommodation study presented here will discuss the baseline definition of ACCESS as we understand it today. Wilson, Thomas L. (Editor) and Wefel, John P. (Editor) Johnson Space Center
With about 200,000 entries, StarBriefs Plus represents the most comprehensive and accurately validated collection of abbreviations, acronyms, contractions and symbols within astronomy, related space sciences and other related fields. As such, this invaluable reference source (and its companion volume, StarGuides Plus) should be on the reference shelf of every library, organization or individual with any interest in these areas. Besides astronomy and associated space sciences, related fields such as aeronautics, aeronomy, astronautics, atmospheric sciences, chemistry, communications, computer sciences, data processing, education, electronics, engineering, energetics, environment, geodesy, geophysics, information handling, management, mathematics, meteorology, optics, physics, remote sensing, and so on, are also covered when justified. Terms in common use and/or of general interest have also been included where appropriate.
This official NASA internal document is a comprehensive evaluation of the operational and engineering aspects of the third manned visit to the Skylab space station and includes the performance of experiment hardware that is under Johnson Space Center management; the crew's evaluation of the visit; and other visit-related items of interest such as medical aspects and hardware anomalies.The third visit space vehicle was launched at 14:01:23 G.m.t. (9:01:23 a.m. e.s.t.) on November 16, 1973, from Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The vehicle was manned by Lt. Col. Gerald P. Carr, Commander; Dr. Edward G. Gibson, Scientist Pilot; and Col. William R. Pogue, Pilot. The launch was originally scheduled for November 10, 1973; however, an inspection of the launch vehicle revealed cracks in the first stage fins and the decision to replace all of the fins necessitated the launch delay. The planned duration of the visit was 56 days with the option of extending it to a maximum of 84 days, which was achieved.Orbital activities included four periods of extravehicular activity totaling approximately 22 1/4 hours. The first extravehicular activity was accomplished on visit day 7 and lasted 6 hours 34 minutes. The primary purpose of the activity -- installation of film magazines in the Apollo Telescope Mount cameras -- was accomplished satisfactorily. Other tasks accomplished included performing corrective maintenance on the experiment S193 (Microwave Radiometer/Scatterometer and Altimeter) antenna, deploying panels of experiment D024 (Thermal Control Coatings), deploying impact detectors of experiment S149 (Particle Collection), deploying detector modules of experiment S228 (Trans-Uranic Cosmic Rays), and deploying collector assemblies of experiment S230 (Magnetospheric Particle Composition).The second and third extravehicular activities were conducted on visit days 40 (Christmas Day) and 44 to allow extravehicular photography of the Comet Kohoutek prior to and after perihelion. The instruments for experiments S201 and T025 were used for this purpose. Experiment S020 (X-Ray/Ultraviolet Solar Photography) was also conducted on the second and third extravehicular activities. Other tasks performed during the visit day 40 extravehicular activity consisted of replacing film magazines in the Apollo Telescope Mount cameras, pinning open the door of experiment S082A (Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroheliograph), manually repositioning the filter wheel on experiment S054 (X-Ray Spectrographs Telescope), and retrieving experiment S149 impact detectors. The duration of the second extravehicular activity was 6 hours 54 minutes, and the duration of the third extravehicular activity was 3 hours 29 minutes.The fourth and final extravehicular activity was performed on visit day 80. The major tasks accomplished consisted of retrieval of the Apollo Telescope Mount film, an additional performance of experiment S020, and performance of experiment T025. Other tasks consisted of retrieval of modules, panels, assemblies and samples that were to be returned to the ground for analysis, and deployment of cassettes and panels for potential retrieval in the future. The duration of the fourth extravehicular activity was 5 hours 19 minutes.The command and service module was undocked from the Saturn Workshop at about 10:28 G.m.t. on February 8, 1974. A flyaround inspection of the Workshop was made following undocking. Prior to entry, the crew was advised to disable reaction control system 2 because of a suspected propellant leak and the entry was made using only system 1. The command module landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15:16:54 G.m.t. on visit day 85 for a flight duration of 84 days 1 hour 15 minutes 31 seconds. The landing point was 289 kilometers southwest of San Diego, California.
In January 2004, President Bush announced a new space policy directed at human and robotic exploration of space. In June 2004, the President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy issued a report recommending among other things that NASA ask the National Research Council (NRC) to reevaluate space science priorities to take advantage of the exploration vision. Congress also directed the NRC to conduct a thorough review of the science NASA is proposing to undertake within the initiative. In February 2005, the NRC released Science in NASA's Vision for Space Exploration, the first report of the two studies undertaken to carry out these requests. The second report focuses on NASA's plan for the ISS. This report provides broad advice on programmatic issues that NASA is likely to face as it attempts to develop an updated ISS utilization plan. It also presents an assessment of potentially important research and testbed activities that may have to be performed on the ISS to help ensure success of some exploration objectives.
More than four decades have passed since a human first set foot on the Moon. Great strides have been made in our understanding of what is required to support an enduring human presence in space, as evidenced by progressively more advanced orbiting human outposts, culminating in the current International Space Station (ISS). However, of the more than 500 humans who have so far ventured into space, most have gone only as far as near-Earth orbit, and none have traveled beyond the orbit of the Moon. Achieving humans' further progress into the solar system had proved far more difficult than imagined in the heady days of the Apollo missions, but the potential rewards remain substantial. During its more than 50-year history, NASA's success in human space exploration has depended on the agency's ability to effectively address a wide range of biomedical, engineering, physical science, and related obstacles-an achievement made possible by NASA's strong and productive commitments to life and physical sciences research for human space exploration, and by its use of human space exploration infrastructures for scientific discovery. The Committee for the Decadal Survey of Biological and Physical Sciences acknowledges the many achievements of NASA, which are all the more remarkable given budgetary challenges and changing directions within the agency. In the past decade, however, a consequence of those challenges has been a life and physical sciences research program that was dramatically reduced in both scale and scope, with the result that the agency is poorly positioned to take full advantage of the scientific opportunities offered by the now fully equipped and staffed ISS laboratory, or to effectively pursue the scientific research needed to support the development of advanced human exploration capabilities. Although its review has left it deeply concerned about the current state of NASA's life and physical sciences research, the Committee for the Decadal Survey on Biological and Physical Sciences in Space is nevertheless convinced that a focused science and engineering program can achieve successes that will bring the space community, the U.S. public, and policymakers to an understanding that we are ready for the next significant phase of human space exploration. The goal of this report is to lay out steps and develop a forward-looking portfolio of research that will provide the basis for recapturing the excitement and value of human spaceflight-thereby enabling the U.S. space program to deliver on new exploration initiatives that serve the nation, excite the public, and place the United States again at the forefront of space exploration for the global good.