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Are the reasons for which we act the causes of our actions? In the nine essays collected here (including a major historical overview by the editors), experts in the field re-evaluate the history and current state of the reasons/causes debate.
For the first time, Robert Audi presents in Action, Intention, and Reason a full version of his theory of the nature, explanation, freedom, and rationality of human action. Ove the years Audi has set out in journal articles different aspects of a unified theory of action. This volume offers the unity of a single, seamless book with thirteen self-contained chapters, two of them previously unpublished, and a new overview of action theory and the book's contribution to it. The book is divided into four parts, each addressing a major problem area. The chapters in Part One describe the motivational grounds of action, explicate desire, belief, intention, and volition, and give a distinctive account of their interconnections. In the second part, Audi sets out a theory of the explanation of action and argues that actions can be both law-governed and performed for reasons. The third part provides an account of free action and its relation to causation and responsibility. Chapters in the fourth and final part construct an account of rational action and its connections with practical reasoning, self-deception, and weakness of will.
This volume contains eleven essays on practical reason by leading and emerging philosophers.
As seen in light of Anscombe's cause and reason in Intention, Davidson's "Actions, Causes and Reasons", offered in large measure as a response to Anscombe's ideas, suggests a philosophical 'causal' alternative to her original defense of the priority of reason in actions which she coined as "intentional". Davidson's introduction of reason-as-cause in (intentional) action differs in fundamental respects from the intentional action of Anscombe (despite his public admiration for Intention, the ideas of which he puts on a par with Aristotle's thoughts on action). Herein, we offer general comments regarding Davidson's approach to cause and reason in action. We briefly review causal theory in Davidson's and Anscombe's thought respectively. We compare to various degree thematic inquiries in Anscombe and Davidson: the description/qualification of intentional action; the role of such as belief and desire in intentional action; objects and intentional action; mental cause and practical reason in intentional action; and the linguistic semantics of 'cause' and 'reason'. We close with a defense of Anscombe's positions on the limited, if even that, role of cause in intentional action. We conclude that Davidson's summary arguments, while broadening the discussion in the abstract, do not provide sufficient or effective--whether comprehensive or specific-- 'causal' alternative(s) to Anscombe's prior assignment of reason as chief in intentional action.
Philosophers have long been concerned about what we know and how we know it. Increasingly, however, a related question has gained prominence in philosophical discussion: what should we believe and why? This volume brings together twelve new essays that address different aspects of this question. The essays examine foundational questions about reasons for belief, and use new research on reasons for belief to address traditional epistemological concerns such as knowledge, justification and perceptually acquired beliefs. This book will be of interest to philosophers working on epistemology, theoretical reason, rationality, perception and ethics. It will also be of interest to cognitive scientists and psychologists who wish to gain deeper insight into normative questions about belief and knowledge.
Through the whole history of mankind philosophers have taken pride in being reasonable agents. During the last decades Rüdiger Bittner, one of the internationally best renown german philosophers and winner of the Gottlob Frege award 2011, has developed a surprisingly different picture: We are much more part than master of the universe. The articles in the volume address this challenging view, illuminating and discussing it from various angles of practical philosophy including the aesthetics of film and theatre. Authors: Ansgar Beckermann (Bielefeld), Rüdiger Bittner (Bielefeld), Raymond Geuss (Cambridge), Martina Herrmann (Dortmund), Marco Iorio (Potsdam), Susanne Kaul (Bielefeld), Jens Kulenkampff (Erlangen), Hajo Kurzenberger (Hildesheim), Kirsten Meyer (Berlin), Onora O'Neill (Cambridge), Ralf Stoecker (Bielefeld), Jay Wallace (Berkeley).
Is what we have reason to do a matter of fact? If so, what kind of truth is involved, how can we know it, and how do reasons motivate and explain action? In this concise and lucid book T.M. Scanlon offers answers, with a qualified defence of normative cognitivism - the view that there are normative truths about reasons for action.
People do things for reasons, but what are reasons and how are they related to the resulting actions? Bittner explores this question and proposes an answer: a reason is a response to that state of affairs.
People do things for reasons. But philosophers have disagreed sharply about how 'reasons explanations' of actions actually work and hence about their implications for human freedom and autonomy. The dominant view in contemporary philosophy is the (Humean) idea that the beliefs and desires that constitute our reasons for acting simply cause us to act as we do. Fred Schueler seeks to replace such causal views, arguing that they leave out two essential elements of these explanations. Reasons explanations are inherently teleological in the sense that the agent's reasons always explain the purpose for which he acted. They are also inherently normative since it is always possible that an agent's reasons for doing something are not good reasons. Schueler argues that causal accounts of reasons explanations make no sense of either of these features; he argues instead for an account based on practical deliberation, our ability to evaluate the reasons we accept.
In this volume, John Horty brings to bear his work in logic to present a framework that allows for answers to key questions about reasons and reasoning, namely: What are reasons, and how do they support actions or conclusions?