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Relatively stringent accuracy and precision requirements for well casing surveys and associated water-level measurements are generally difficult to achieve. Field experience and research indicate that the achieved accuracy is commonly less than expected. Realistic accuracy expectations require that the investigator know what is achievable for a site and how to convey the proper information to the surveyor. The point-difference accuracy of vertical surveys is calculated, based on the measured inaccuracy of the vertical survey divided by the square root of the length of the survey, and therefore by the size of the study area and number of wells surveyed. The accuracy of water-level measurements and contour maps is determined primarily by the equipment and procedures used for measuring the depth to water in the well casings. When setting accuracy requirements for water-level measurements and contour maps, the investigator must consider the end use of the data. Composite error from the two primary sources of error determines how much precision and accuracy are reasonably achievable.
Completely revised and updated, the Second Edition of Site Assessment and Remediation Handbook provides coverage of new procedures and technologies for an expanded range of site investigations. With over 700 figures, tables, and flow charts, the handbook is a comprehensive resource for engineers, geologists, and hydrologists conducting site investi
Tremendous improvements in ground-water sampling methodologies and analytical technologies have made it possible to collect and analyze truly representative samples to detect increasingly lower levels of contaminants-now in the sub-parts-per-billion range. Though these new methods produce more accurate and precise data and are less expensive, many
This 116-page report presents the results of an investigation by the Utah Geological Survey of land subsidence and earth fissures in Cedar Valley, Iron County, Utah. Basin-fill sediments of the Cedar Valley Aquifer contain a high percentage of fine-grained material susceptible to compaction upon dewatering. Groundwater discharge in excess of recharge (groundwater mining) has lowered the potentiometric surface in Cedar Valley as much as 114 feet since 1939. Groundwater mining has caused permanent compaction of fine-grained sediments of the Cedar Valley aquifer, which has caused the land surface to subside, and a minimum of 8.3 miles of earth fissures to form. Recently acquired interferometric synthetic aperture radar imagery shows that land subsidence has affected approximately 100 mi² in Cedar Valley, but a lack of accurate historical benchmark elevation data over much of the valley prevents its detailed quantification. Continued groundwater mining and resultant subsidence will likely cause existing fissures to lengthen and new fissures to form which may eventually impact developed areas in Cedar Valley. This report also includes possible aquifer management options to help mitigate subsidence and fissure formation, and recommended guidelines for conducting subsidence-related hazard investigations prior to development.