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The Nato Advanced Study Institute "Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals" was held May 2-12, 1991, in Erice, Sicily. This was the 16th conference organized by the International School of Quantum Electronics, under the auspices of the "Ettore Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture. The subject of "Liquid Crystals" has made amazing progress since the last ISQE Course on this subject in 1985. The present Proceedings give a tutorial introduction to today's most important areas, as well as a review of current results by leading researchers. We have brought together some of the world's acknowledged experts in the field to summarize both the present state of their research and its background. Most of the lecturers attended all the lectures and devoted their spare hours to stimulating discussions. We would like to thank them all for their admirable contributions. The Institute also took advantage of a very active audience; most of the students were active researchers in the field and contributed with discussions and seminars. Some of these student seminars are also included in these Proceedings. We did not modify the original manuscripts in editing this book, but we did group them according to the following topics: 1) "Theoretical Foundations"; 2) "Thermotropic Liquid Crystals"; 3) "Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals"; 4) "Polymeric Liquid Crystals"; and 5) "Lyotropic Liquid Crystals".
Liquid crystals allow us to perform experiments that provide insight into fundamental problems of modern physics, such as phase transitions, frustration, elasticity, hydrodynamics, defects, growth phenomena, and optics. Smectic and Columnar Liquid Crystals: Concepts and Physical Properties Illustrated by Experiments is a result of personal research and of the graduate lectures given by the authors at the École Normale Supérieure de Lyon and the University of Paris VII, respectively. The book examines lamellar (smectic) and columnar liquid crystals, which, in addition to orientational order, possess 1D, 2D or 3D positional order. This volume illustrates original physical concepts using methodically numerous experiments, theoretical developments, and diagrams. Topics include rheology and plasticity, ferroelectricity, analogies with superconductors, hexatic order and 2D-melting, equilibrium shapes, facetting, and the Mullins-Sekerka instability, as well as phase transitions in free films and membrane vibrations. Nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals are covered by the authors in a separate volume entitled Nematic and Cholesteric Liquid Crystals: Concepts and Physical Properties Illustrated by Experiments. Smectic and Columnar Liquid Crystals is an ideal introduction and a valuable source of reference for theoretical and experimental studies of advanced students and researchers in liquid crystals, condensed matter physics, and materials science.
This 2001 book provides hands-on details of several important techniques for the study of liquid crystals.
A classical metastable state possesses a local free energy minimum at infinite sizes, but not a global one. This concept is phase size independent. We have studied a number of experimental results and proposed a new concept that there exists a wide range of metastable states in polymers on different length scales where their metastability is critically determined by the phase size and dimensionality. Metastable states are also observed in phase transformations that are kinetically impeded on the pathway to thermodynamic equilibrium. This was illustrated in structural and morphological investigations of crystallization and mesophase transitions, liquid-liquid phase separation, vitrification and gel formation, as well as combinations of these transformation processes. The phase behaviours in polymers are thus dominated by interlinks of metastable states on different length scales. This concept successfully explains many experimental observations and provides a new way to connect different aspects of polymer physics.* Written by a leading scholar and industry expert* Presents new and cutting edge material encouraging innovation and future research* Connects hot topics and leading research in one concise volume
This book is a collection of 13 articles, written by experts, on different aspects of the physics and applications of liquid crystals. In addition to giving self-contained review articles with good bibliography, the authors have discussed the anticipated or highly important and desirable breakthroughs in the near future in their respective fields. The book should provide readers with a good starting point, insight, and an indicator of what current important problems are. Good researchers should benefit in fine tuning their efforts to test the ideas put forward by the authors.
Publishes papers that report results of research in statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics. There are sections on (1) methods of statistical physics, (2) classical fluids, (3) liquid crystals, (4) diffusion-limited aggregation, and dendritic growth, (5) biological physics, (6) plasma physics, (7) physics of beams, (8) classical physics, including nonlinear media, and (9) computational physics.
Much more than a slight revision, this second edition of the successful "Handbook of Liquid Crystals" is completely restructured and streamlined, with updated as well as completely new topics, 100% more content and a new team of editors and authors. As such, it fills the gap for a definitive, single source reference for all those working in the field of organized fluids and will set the standard for the next decade. The Handbook's new structure facilitates navigation and combines the presentation of the content by topic and by liquid-crystal type: A fundamentals volume sets the stage for an understanding of the liquid crystal state of matter, while individual volumes cover the main types and forms, with a final volume bringing together the diverse liquid crystal phases through their applications. This unrivaled, all-embracing coverage represents the undiluted knowledge on liquid crystals, making the Handbook a must-have wherever liquid crystals are investigated, produced or used, and in institutions where their science and technology is taught. Also available electronically on Wiley Online Library, www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/ref/holc Volume 1: Fundamentals of Liquid Crystals Volume 2: Physical Properties and Phase Behavior of Liquid Crystals Volume 3: Nematic and Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals Volume 4: Smectic and Columnar Liquid Crystals Volume 5: Non-Conventional Liquid Crystals Volume 6: Nanostructured and Amphiphilic Liquid Crystals Volume 7: Supermolecular and Polymeric Liquid Crystals Volume 8: Applications of Liquid Crystals
The Handbook of Liquid Crystals is a unique compendium of knowledge on all aspects of liquid crystals. In over 2000 pages the Handbook provides detailed information on the basic principles of both low- and high-molecular weight materials, as well as the synthesis, characterization, modification, and applications (such as in computer displays or as structural materials) of all types of liquid crystals. The five editors of the Handbook are internationally renowned experts from both industry and academia and have drawn together over 70 leading figures in the field as authors. The four volumes of the Handbook are designed both to be used together or as stand-alone reference sources. Some users will require the whole set, others will be best served with one or two of the volumes. Volume 1 deals with the basic physical and chemical principles of liquid crystals, including structure-property relationships, nomenclature, phase behavior, characterization methods, and general synthesis and application strategies. As such this volume provides an excellent introduction to the field and a powerful learning and teaching tool for graduate students and above. Volumes 2A and 2B concentrate on low-molecular weight materials, for example those typically used in display technology. A high quality survey of the literature is provided along with full details of molecular design strategies, phase characterization and control, and applications development. These volumes are therefore by far the most detailed reference sources on these industrially very important materials, ideally suited for professionals in the field. Volume 3 concentrates on high-molecular weight, or polymeric, liquid crystals, some of which are found in structural applications and others occur as natural products of living systems. A high-quality literature survey is complemented by full detail of the synthesis, processing, analysis, and applications of all important materials classes. This volume is the most comprehensive reference source on these materials, and is therefore ideally suited for professionals in the field.
Employing a multidisciplinary approach to phospholipid research, this work catalogues the current knowledge of this class of molecules and details the general, chemical, physical and structural properties of phospholipid monolayers and bilayers. Phospholipid applications are also covered.
This volume focuses on a variety of novel non-destructive techniques for the characterization of materials, processes and devices. Emphasis is placed on probe-specimen interactions, in-situ diagnosis, instrumentation developments and future trends. This was the first time a symposium on this topic had been held, making the response particularly gratifying. The high quality of the contributions are a clear indication that non-destructive materials characterization is becoming a dynamic research area in Europe at the present time.A selection of contents: The role of acoustic properties in designs of acoustic and optical fibers (C.K. Jen). Observation of stable crack growth in Al2O3 ceramics using a scanning acoustic microscope (A. Quinten, W. Arnold). Mechanical characterization by acoustic techniques of SIC chemical vapour deposited thin films (J.M. Saurel et al.). Efficient generation of acoustic pressure waves by short laser pulses (S. Fassbender et al.). Use of scanning electron acoustic microscopy for the analysis of III-V compound devices (J.F. Bresse). Waves and vibrations in periodic piezoelectric composite materials (B.A. Auld). Precision ultrasonic velocity measurements for the study of the low temperature acoustic properties in defective materials (A. Vanelstraete, C. Laermans). Thermally induced concentration wave imaging (P. Korpiun et al.). Interferometric measurement of thermal expansion (V. Kurzmann et al.). Quantitative analyses of power loss mechanisms in semiconductor devices by thermal wave calorimetry (B. Büchner et al.). Thermal wave probing of the optical electronic and thermal properties of semiconductors (D. Fournier, A. Boccara). Thermal wave measurements in ion-implanted silicon (G. Queirola et al.). Optical-thermal non-destructive examination of surface coatings (R.E. Imhof et al.). Bonding analysis of layered materials by photothermal radiometry (M. Heuret et al.). Thermal non-linearities of semiconductor-doped glasses in the near-IR region (M. Bertolotti et al.). Theory of picosecond transient reflectance measurement of thermal and eisatic properties of thin metal films (Z. Bozóki et al.). The theory and application of contactless microwave lifetime measurement (T. Otaredian et al.). Ballistic phonon signal for imaging crystal properties (R.P. Huebener et al.). Determination of the elastic constants of a polymeric Langmuir-Blodgett film by Briliouin spectroscopy (F. Nizzoli et al.). Quantum interference effects in the optical second-harmonic response tensor of a metal surface (O. Keller). Study of bulk and surface phonons and plasmons in GaAs/A1As superlattices by far-IR and Raman spectroscopy (T. Dumslow et al.). Far-IR spectroscopy of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons on epitaxial layers of CdTe deposited by plasma MOCVD on GaAs substrates (T. Dumelow et al.). In-situ characterization by reflectance difference spectroscopy of III-V materials and heterojunctions grown by low pressure metal organic chemical vapour deposition (O. Acher et al.). Optical evidence of precipitates in arsenic-implanted silicon (A. Borghesi et al.). Polarized IR reflectivity of CdGeAs2 (L. Artús et al.). Raman and IR spectroscopies: a useful combination to study semiconductor interfaces (D.R.T. Zahn et al.). Silicon implantation of GaAs at low and medium doses: Raman assessment of the dopant activation (S. Zakang et al.). Ellipsometric characterization of thin films and superlattices (J. Bremer et al.). Ellipsometric characterization of multilayer transistor structures (J.A. Woollam et al.). Quality of molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown GaAs on Si(100) studied by ellipsometry (U. Rossow et al.). An ellipsometric and RBS study of TiSi2 formation (J.M.M. de Nijs, A. van Silfhout). A new microscope for semiconductor luminescence studies (P.S. Aplin, J.C. Day). Structural analysis of optical fibre preforms fabricated by the sol-gel process (A.M. Elas et al.). Author index.