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Is it possible to quantify over absolutely all there is? Or must all of our quantifiers range over a less-than-all-inclusive domain? It has commonly been thought that the question of absolute generality is intimately connected with the set-theoretic antinomies. But the topic of absolute generality has enjoyed a surge of interest in recent years. It has become increasingly apparent that its ramifications extend well beyond the foundations of set theory. Connections include semanticindeterminacy, logical consequence, higher-order languages, and metaphysics.Rayo and Uzquiano present for the first time a collection of essays on absolute generality. These newly commissioned articles -- written by an impressive array of international scholars -- draw the reader into the forefront of contemporary research on the subject. The volume represents a variety of approaches to the problem, with some of the contributions arguing for the possibility of all-inclusive quantification and some of them arguing against it. An introduction by the editors draws ahelpful map of the philosophical terrain.
Is it possible to quantify over absolutely all there is? Or must all of our quantifiers range over a less-than-all-inclusive domain? It has commonly been thought that the question of absolute generality is intimately connected with the set-theoretic antinomies. But the topic of absolute generality has enjoyed a surge of interest in recent years. It has become increasingly apparent that its ramifications extend well beyond the foundations of set theory. Connections include semanticindeterminacy, logical consequence, higher-order languages, and metaphysics.Rayo and Uzquiano present for the first time a collection of essays on absolute generality. These newly commissioned articles -- written by an impressive array of international scholars -- draw the reader into the forefront of contemporary research on the subject. The volume represents a variety of approaches to the problem, with some of the contributions arguing for the possibility of all-inclusive quantification and some of them arguing against it. An introduction by the editors draws ahelpful map of the philosophical terrain.
This book focuses on the general law of thing. The main ideas of the law are that the birth and the death of thing and its individual are a result worked by three forces on the distance or curvature of time-space. These forces are natural force, productive force and cognitive ability (force).There are countless things in the world. However, there has not been a book focusing its discussion on thing and its law up until the present. The terms of time-space, inertia and energy are not only common in physics, but also in philosophy. Everyone knows those concepts, but very few understand what they really are.
Contrary to common intuition that all digits should occur randomly with equal chances in real data, empirical examinations consistently show that not all digits are created equal, but rather that low digits such as {1, 2, 3} occur much more frequently than high digits such as {7, 8, 9} in almost all data types, such as those relating to geology, chemistry, astronomy, physics, and engineering, as well as in accounting, financial, econometrics, and demographics data sets. This intriguing digital phenomenon is known as Benford's Law.This book gives a comprehensive and in-depth account of all the theoretical aspects, results, causes and explanations of Benford's Law, with a strong emphasis on the connection to real-life data and the physical manifestation of the law. In addition to such a bird's eye view of the digital phenomenon, the conceptual distinctions between digits, numbers, and quantities are explored; leading to the key finding that the phenomenon is actually quantitative in nature; originating from the fact that in extreme generality, nature creates many small quantities but very few big quantities, corroborating the motto 'small is beautiful', and that therefore all this is applicable just as well to data written in the ancient Roman, Mayan, Egyptian, and other digit-less civilizations.Fraudsters are typically not aware of this digital pattern and tend to invent numbers with approximately equal digital frequencies. The digital analyst can easily check reported data for compliance with this digital law, enabling the detection of tax evasion, Ponzi schemes, and other financial scams. The forensic fraud detection section in this book is written in a very concise and reader-friendly style; gathering all known methods and standards in the accounting and auditing industry; summarizing and fusing them into a singular coherent whole; and can be understood without deep knowledge in statistical theory or advanced mathematics. In addition, a digital algorithm is presented, enabling the auditor to detect fraud even when the sophisticated cheater is aware of the law and invents numbers accordingly. The algorithm employs a subtle inner digital pattern within the Benford's pattern itself. This newly discovered pattern is deemed to be nearly universal, being even more prevalent than the Benford phenomenon, as it is found in all random data sets, Benford as well as non-Benford types.
The one world problem has been central to knowledge for ages. Of many approaches none has resolved the problem. With great increases in knowledge there is now sufficient ideas, concepts and means to show a unified ultimate totality. Actual Totality is a book whose proofs and detail provide the needed resolution. The approach to unity is by forty types of proof from non-existence to their combined sum. It features those universals, qualities, continua, kinds, and varieties of actual totality whose proofs are most certain. Certainty of proofs produces axioms that are most recognizable as laws. Each type of proof has different laws whose integration and representation give excellent proof of actual totality. Dependence on the observer observed relationship is the basis for relativity. Dependence on the definite absolute quality of the human mind and person is the basis for the absoluteness seen in identity and self-preservation. Mind and matter are part of a continuum that is the basis and proof of actual totality. Many other continuums make up actual totality, including general and special, mass energy, length, time, static and dynamic. The continua are dualities whose spectra form gradients. It is these gradients that make up much of the detail and differential whose vertical integration proves actual totality. The physical universe and the relative universe of civilization, best human life and mind are large components of the general to special spectrum and varieties of actual totality. There is massive interaction and potential to actual existence in and out of actual totality. This occurs with increasing time. In the near to mid-term actual totality is stable, and can be treated as a closed set. In the far term both the actual and potential of actual totality undergo adaptation and alteration that best suits their existence with change. With good representation an overview of the difference between actual totality as a stable and relatively exclusive world and potential changes in the long term become clear. The many revolutions that accompany change and the role of language, math, proportions, geometry, design, propelling and compelling forces that determine creation and evolution of life all reveal proofs of actual totality. The core of actual totality, or actual totality proper, is centered on the here and now that proves unity in totality. The individual, groups, and lives of all people more or less contribute to the whole depending on productivity that is most beneficial to the whole. This is largely dependent on knowledge, and its kinds. Universal knowledge of the highest kind is the great dynamo of advancing actual totality. How well actual totality supplies this need is the most important problem and solution of the next hundreds to thousands of years. It is survival over extinction whose success will depend largely on proactive planning, prevention, preparation, management and control. They can be used to guide each and all persons to a better unified world, by actual totality.
The book is a statistic course for undergraduate students in all fields of social and economic sciences. The book presents a manual on a course "General Statistics", including a series of not quite traditional topics. Above all, it concerns the mathematical bases of statistics and use of computer technologies in statistic probing. At that, thematic choice of the chapters and sections of the book is caused not only by interests and tastes of the authors, but also by modern tendencies in applied statistics and orientation of the given work. The book contains a series of concrete proposals for improvement of statistic practice; many of them are based on our experience in practical statistical activity in statistical organs of USSR and Estonia. A comparability aspect of the Soviet statistic school inheriting many traditions of the worldwide known Russian school of probability theory and statistics, with western statistics can be a rather interesting to the English-speaking reader.
Book Description The present book is a statistical course for undergraduate students in all fields of social and economic sciences. The book presents a manual on the course "General Theory of Statistics", including a series of not quite traditional topics. First of all, it concerns the mathematical bases of statistics and use of computer technologies in statistical probing. Thematic choice of the chapters and sections of the book is caused not only by interests and tastes of the authors, but also by modern tendencies in applied statistics and orientation of the given work. The book is based on a course of lectures given by the first author for undergraduates in social and economic sciences along with three books published in Russian and English in Estonia, Lithuania and Byelorussia. This book has been written for a large enough audience of teachers, researchers, statisticians, students, collegians and users of statistics in behavioral and social sciences. Above all, the book is directed to a wide circle of the readers studying statistical disciplines in high schools and colleges; however, it can be useful also to persons independently studying statistics. Author Biography (Aladjev V.Z.) Professor Aladjev V.Z. was born on June 14, 1942 in the town Grodno (Byelorussia). Now, he is the First vice-president of the International Academy of Noosphere and the president of Tallinn Research Group, whose scientific results have received international recognition, first, in the field of mathematical theory of Cellular Automata (CA). He is member of a series of Russian and International Academies. Aladjev V. Z. is the author of more than 330 scientific publications, including 63 books, published in many countries. He participates as a member of the organizing committee and/or a guest lecturer in many international scientific forums in mathematics and cybernetics. Author Biography (Haritonov V.N.) Dr. Haritonov V.N. was born on August 2, 1946 in the town Nizhni Novgorod (Russia). On successful graduation from Tallinn Technical University, he has acquired a profession of economics. Since 1972, Haritonov V.N. has the respectable positions in the Estonian banking system. Now, he is the Chairman of the Board of Tallinn Business Bank. Most considerable methodological projects and practical results of Haritonov V.N. are related to economic sciences, and, above all, to banking field, including automation of banking system, banking statistics, etc. Along with a series of publications, Haritonov V.N. has participated in many scientific and applied forums on banking economics.
This book is about the general theory of relativity which is concisely labeled as general relativity. The book is the result of a rather extensive view to the literature of this theory over most of its lifetime reflecting various stages of its development. The book contains 129 solved problems as well as 606 exercises whose detailed solutions are published in another book that accompanies the present book. The book also includes a detailed index and many cross references. The book can be used as an introduction to general relativity at undergraduate and graduate levels. Unlike most other books on general relativity which are mostly dedicated to the presentation, justification, application and validation of the formalism of the theory (and hence rather minor attention is usually paid to the interpretation and epistemology of the theory), this book is primarily interested in the interpretative and epistemological aspects of the theory.
The idea behind this book is that developing a conception of the physical world and a conception of mind is impossible without the exercise of agency, meaning "the power to alter at will one's perceptual inputs". The thesis is derived from a philosphical account of the role of agency in knowledge.; The book is divided into three parts. In Part One, the author argues that "purely representational" theories of mind and of mental development have been overvalued, thereby clearing the ground for the book's central thesis. In Part Two, he proposes that, because objective experience depends upon the experience of agency, the development of the "object concept" in human infants is grounded in the development of executive-attentional capacities. In Part Three, an analysis of the links between agency and self-awareness generates an original theory of the nature of certain stage-like transitions in mental functioning and of the relationship between executive and mentalizing defects in autism.; The book should be of interest to students and researchers in cognitive- developmental psychology, to philosophers of mind, and to anybody with an interest in cognitive science.
Almost no systematic theorizing is generality-free. Scientists test general hypotheses; set theorists prove theorems about every set; metaphysicians espouse theses about all things regardless of their kind. But how general can we be and do we ever succeed in theorizing about absolutely everything? Not according to generality relativism. In its most promising form, this kind of relativism maintains that what 'everything' and other quantifiers encompass is always open to expansion: no matter how broadly we may generalize, a more inclusive 'everything' is always available. The importance of the issue comes out, in part, in relation to the foundations of mathematics. Generality relativism opens the way to avoid Russell's paradox without imposing ad hoc limitations on which pluralities of items may be encoded as a set. On the other hand, generality relativism faces numerous challenges: What are we to make of seemingly absolutely general theories? What prevents our achieving absolute generality simply by using 'everything' unrestrictedly? How are we to characterize relativism without making use of exactly the kind of generality this view foreswears? This book offers a sustained defence of generality relativism that seeks to answer these challenges. Along the way, the contemporary absolute generality debate is traced through diverse issues in metaphysics, logic, and the philosophy of language; some of the key works that lie behind the debate are reassessed; an accessible introduction is given to the relevant mathematics; and a relativist-friendly motivation for Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory is developed.