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This dissertation, "A Study on Prevailing Factors for the Success of Small-scale Shopping Centre in Hong Kong" by Cheuk-man, Li, 李卓文, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: According to unofficial statistics information (i.e. Wikipedia and Editorial ... etc.), the proportionality for small-scale shopping centres in Hong Kong is around three times of the same for large-scale. This indicates the market of small-scale shopping centres is significant and cannot be ignored. In fact, many studies were done by scholars regarding the successful management of large-scale shopping centres, yet detailed study related to such kind of small-scale shopping centres is found absent or pretty rare. Under observation, the management of stand-alone large-scale shopping centres is too perfect to criticize, whereas the same of small-scale shopping centres is unsystematic or can be called messy. Obstruction, security loophole, poor management and cleaning problem found in these shopping centres not only produce great nuisance to the owners/ occupiers, but also transform to be a social problem. The major scope in this study will be around the facilities and management services provided in small-scale shopping centres underneath composite building (residential ] retail) or commercial building (office + retail). Meanwhile, pros and cons of these shopping centres will be noted and referred. By consolidating the data of difficulties in managing overseas Mixed-use developments. 7Ps marketing mix, management theories and practical examples, a framework for analyzing the prevailing factors for small-scale shopping centre is explored. Empirical research will indicate practical solutions to the drawbacks of small-scale shopping centres in stratified ownerships as well as the prevailing measures for the improvement of shopping centre environment. The results of this study are meaningful for prospective retailers to find shopping centres with good business environments and for other centre managers or practitioners to improve the environment/ strengthen the user-friendliness and competiveness of this kind of shopping centres. DOI: 10.5353/th_b4834260 Subjects: Shopping centers - China - Hong Kong
This dissertation, "Factors Affecting the Success of Shopping Centres in Hong Kong" by Sau-wan, Wong, 黃秀雲, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Shopping centre is very important in our daily life. It consists of retail stores and leisure facilities for public to spend their time as well as maximises their quality of lives. Many decades ago, the majority of shopper preferred to shop in street fronting outlets and the open food markets. After a well development of retail business, there was a move away from the open markets to shopping centres. In the past two decades, the economy of Hong Kong has undergone a remarkable transformation, which continues to grow strongly recent years. The development of a shopping centre has got dynamic changes as well. The demand for an improved quality of life is increasing so that the basic shopping environment cannot satisfy shoppers. Apart from having good shopping environment in shopping centres, shoppers expect to take other advantages such as receiving exciting experience and having diversification of tenant mix. In fact, a successful shopping centre should be accommodated in a multi-purpose building where integrated with different facilities, for example shopping, entertainment, dining, and recreation. It aims to reduce the travel time of shoppers and provide what they actually need. Four shopping centres, APM, New Town Plaza, Telford Plaza and Maritime Square, are selected in this dissertation. Seven factors including location and visibility, accessibility, size, design and layout, anchor tenant, tenant mix and promotion which affect the success of shopping centres in Hong Kong are chosen after study the literature review. Nevertheless, numerous scholars argued the relative importance of the factors, for example, Beddington (1982) and Abratt et al.(1985) emphasized that the success of a shopping centre was affected by the tenant mix which was the single most important determinant. Abghari and Hanzaee (2011) opined that the tenant mix is an influential factor of a shopping centre while other factors are less important. Consequently, two hypotheses were established in this study. In this research, the importance of the factors for successful shopping centres was studied in details and this would be useful for owners and management operators of shopping malls. Total twelve research questions were analyzed through conducting surveys for tenants and shoppers, and they were categorized into two categories which were to find out the dominant factors affecting the success of shopping centres and to rank those factors in order to find out the most crucial factor. After performing the thorough data analysis, it was found that "accessibility" and "tenant mix" were the dominant factors affecting the success of shopping centres where "accessibility" was the most crucial factor. Recent years, with the development and improvement of transportation network, the importance of "accessibility" factor has gradually increased. Actually, "accessibility" was the main reason to attract people to visit shopping centres, which could increase the pedestrian flow and sales volume of the malls. In addition, shoppers were not willing to spend time on travelling so that "accessibility" became more important. On the other hand, the findings of this survey showed that "tenant mix" was less important than "accessibility" due to the similar tenant mix and homogenous shopping centres in Hong Kong, and it also showed that "promotion" was the least important affecting the success of shopping centres. It was becau...
This dissertation, "Homogeneous Shopping Malls in Hong Kong: the Underlying Cause" by Ka-yan, Wong, 王家欣, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: "Shopping malls in Hong Kong are homogeneous, the operating mode for each malls are almost the same." commented by Hong Kong shoppers. It is being criticized that Hongkongers do not have choice when they do shopping in malls, the tenant mix in every shopping malls are similar, small and medium enterprises were asked to leave the malls after tenancy expiry, their space are then replacing by well known brands or chain stores. In this dissertation, one would first identify the extent of homogeneity of regional shopping malls in Hong Kong, selected shopping malls including New Town Plaza in Shatin, APM in Kwun Tong, Domain in Yau Tong and Cityplaza in Taikoo Shing are studied, by interviewing shoppers in those shopping malls, one would be able to understand more on their views in shopping malls homogeneity. Shoppers' views are important in this dissertation as they are the one who make the complain on shopping malls. The tenant mix, quality design, marketing and promotions, and customer services are important factors leading to success of malls. Being the shopping mall operators, in order to increase footfall and thus sale volume of their tenants, when tenants' business improved, they could be able to pay higher rent. In result, the income of shopping malls increased. In the second part of this dissertation, further analysis will be concluded from shopping mall operators regarding their views on shopping malls homogeneity and investigating the underlying causes for the homogeneity in different aspects. From shopping mall operators aspects, no one would be intentionally sculpture a mall which is similar to its counterparts. Operators aim at satisfying the need of their target customers so that they will visit the malls frequently. This intention might be the causes leading to the similarities of regional shopping malls as the target catchment of the regional shopping malls are larger, unlike neighbourhood shopping malls aim at serving shoppers from the estate nearby, more effort should be made in order to attract target shoppers. Finally, the concluding chapter of this dissertation provide suggestions for further studies in Hong Kong shopping malls, an unique retail environment which is far different with shopping malls overseas. Hong Kong shopping malls are yet to be improved so that it would offer shoppers unforgettable shopping experience, it is the responsibility for every operators, both public and private ones. In result, Hong Kong could retain its name of "shopping paradise." DOI: 10.5353/th_b5124666 Subjects: Shopping malls - China - Hong Kong
This dissertation, "A Study of the Factors Affecting Customer Satisfaction of Shoppers in Hong Kong" by Lai-man, Chan, 陳麗雯, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: With the increasingly fierce competition in the business environment of Hong Kong, customer satisfaction is a critical success factor for servicing industries. This factor is especially important in the rapidly growth of shopping centres. However, there is a lack of in-depth research on the factor structure of customer satisfaction. Furthermore, the shopping behavior of customers and the critical factor affecting their overall satisfaction are still unclear. Without these kinds of information, the operators of the shopping centres may be incapable to satisfy all customers with unique marketing and management programs. As a result, the utilization of resources and the maximization of profit may not be complete. In this research, factors for measuring customer satisfaction are identified. The relationship between the demographic profiles of customers and their decision criteria in centre choice is investigated. The critical factors of overall customer satisfaction are compared across different groups of shoppers. The literatures have been reviewed to identify the factors affecting the customer satisfaction of shoppers in the industry of shopping centre. In order to further investigate the customers' opinions on the factors which will affect their customer satisfaction in the shopping centres, a survey was carried out in the multi-function shopping centers in Hong Kong with a sample size of 300. The shoppers are asked to rank the importance of these factors in affecting their customer satisfaction in these shopping centres. The results indicate that five factors are significant in affecting the customer satisfaction of the shoppers in these two multi-function shopping centres which are "Transportation," "Shopping Center Design, "Management Service," "Promotion Activities" and "Tenant and Trade Mix" as the way affecting the customer satisfaction of the shoppers in the shopping centres."Promotion Activities" is found to be significant in affecting the customer satisfaction of the shoppers in "East Point City" but not in "Park Central." No unilateral conclusion is drawn on their significance in influencing the patronage. This findings imply that "Tenant and Trade Mix" could affect the customer satisfaction of the shoppers in shopping centres in number of ways even though the location of the shopping centre is determined. DOI: 10.5353/th_b5334522 Subjects: Consumer satisfaction - China - Hong Kong Shopping centers - Customer services - China - Hong Kong
This dissertation, "A Study of the Factors Affecting the Preference of Choice for Local Shoppers Between E-shopping and Shopping Malls in Hong Kong" by Chit-yu, Wong, 黃婕妤, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: After walking through a decade since the millennium, shopping has been undergoing a remarkable transformation. From the most primitive form of exchanging goods with money on streets to the development of retail outlets and department stores, online shops are rapidly booming as one of the modern shopping preferences nowadays. This paper focuses to investigate the factors affecting shoppers' preference of choice between online shopping and mall shopping. The exploratory study examined 3 groups of shoppers including mall shoppers, online shoppers and cross shoppers to compare and contrast their concerned motives and behaviour as appeared in the two shopping modes. The comparison was based on a theoretical model derived in part from Fishbein and Ajzen.s "Theory of Reasoned Action (1980)"; Cowles, Kieker, and Little "E-tailing Theory (2002)," Tauber (1972)'s Situational I Personal shopping motives model and a comprehensive literature review. The model identified the theoretical factors anticipated to influence the shoppers' groups shopping behaviors. A total of 297 shoppers in 3 shopping malls served as the purposive questionnaire samples. Factors derived from literatures were incorporated into the survey questions to identify the group of shoppers adopting e-shopping, cross shopping and mall shopping and their respective factors affecting their preference of choice. It was reviewed that apart from the various 'consumer', 'marketing' and 'technology' factors affecting e-shoppers, some of the factors were also found influencing the mall shoppers' preferences of choice in a similar way. Likewise, traditional factors motivating people to shop in mall have also infused with new social elements due to the e-era and people's change of lifestyle. In addition, special features and positioning in various malls were also discovered to exert a different impact on shoppers' option. To further enrich the research, face-to-face interview was also conducted with an online store manager and a shopping mall manager to obtain information from the management perspective. In reviewing their perceived reasons as to affect shoppers' preference to e-shopping and mall shopping, on top of the similar factors as suggested in the literatures, they both put much emphasis on the tactical strategies in business operation. Insights were drawn that online stores and shopping malls may not be direct competitors as one may not substitute the other. Recommendations on future business planning in each shopping mode were also made by frequently reviewing shoppers' desire and wants. The paper was concluded by summarizing the findings and to forecast the future shopping trends. Recommendations were also made to online stores and shopping mall operators to cope with shoppers' preferences and maximise their profit. DOI: 10.5353/th_b5334783 Subjects: Shopping malls - China - Hong Kong Consumer behavior - China - Hong Kong Teleshopping - China - Hong Kong
This dissertation, "Tenant Mix Planning in Hong Kong Shopping Centres" by Luen-yan, Choi, 蔡鸞恩, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: The successful factors of a shopping centre include the location, accessibility, design layout, tenant mix, internal environment and design, facilities provision. Many scholars argue on the successful factors of a shopping centre which are either the location or the tenant mix. According to Abratt et al. (1985), he mentioned the tenant mix was the most important determinant affecting the shopping centres. Once the shopping arcade is strategically positioned in a prominent location with frequent contacts to shoppers and the public, tenant mix will become the next most critical factor to the success of the shopping centres. Since Hong Kong has a comprehensive and convenient transportation network, it reduces the significance of location for a successful shopping centre. The purpose of this thesis is to focus on the importance of tenant mix and determinants of tenant mix in retail property management in Hong Kong shopping centre. The objective of this paper accounts for (1) the significance of tenant mix and (2) the most critical determinants of trade mix and (3) making suggestions for retail property management. There is a case study conducted in Mira Mall. It mainly focus on several theories related to tenant mix planning. They included (1) Central Place Theory, (2) Retailer Agglomeration, (3) Store Choice Model, (4) Retail Demand Externalities and (5) Bid- Rent Theory. Literature review, interview with leasing manager and survey questionnaire are under studied in order to get the result. The sample for this study is taken in form of simple random sampling. Interviewees were drawn from the shoppers in Mira Mall. Their opinions would be summarized for the analysis of a well-balanced tenant mix. The research result showed that a well-planned tenant mix is necessary and it can provide positive effects. It firstly identifies most of the customers' needs for the area in forming the tenant mix. Anchor tenants are the most critical determinants which affected the patronage and choice of the shopping centre. It helps to generate positive retail demand externalities and differentiation. Secondly, tenant selection of other tenants to match with the anchor tenants is essential. In tenant placement strategy, landlord is suggested to use the strategy of homogenous agglomeration. Stores should avoid vicious competition, they should treat them as synergy effect among the trade area. Meanwhile in order to adapt to the changing environment and survive in the market, frequent reviews of the existing tenant mix is important. This act could help the centre to keep competitive power among the competitors nearby. Once the strategy is successful, they will have a great return and benefits including the reinforcement in promoting the corporate image and goodwill for both the developers and the tenants. This creates a win-win situation. DOI: 10.5353/th_b5118458 Subjects: Shopping centers - China - Hong Kong - Management Commercial leases - China - Hong Kong
This dissertation, "Comparing the Attractiveness of Public and Private Shopping Centres in Hong Kong" by Yuk-ping, Yu, 余玉冰, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: In the past decades, the performance of shopping centres under government owned was far from satisfaction. Subsequent to the divestment exercise in 2005, HA still owns a small number of remaining shopping centres. In 2012, there was a critical new trial for HA in developing a flagship regional shopping centre, Domain in Yau Tong. Superficially, this new HA shopping mall gives no difference from other private shopping centre no matter in design, outlook or internal layout. The essential point is that HA has made great effort to enhance the attractiveness of Domain. The success of Domain will be influential in the future development of public shopping centres. This research paper will use the SCATTR instrument factors as a measurement to do the questionnaire survey in order to assess whether the difference in management practices will affect the attractiveness of public and private shopping centres in Hong Kong taking consideration of the main management factors of goal complexity, formalization, political control and social responsibility. From the questionnaire survey of shoppers and interview result of managers, I find that, in a certain extent, positive or negative effect to the attractiveness of shopping centres are resulted from the difference in management of public-private sector. Basing on the research findings for relatively weaker in the attraction of public shopping centre, recommendations are given with inclination to the public sector side. Some but not all governmental problems like quality of housing management staff, the traditional barriers & constraints as well as accountability are identified and recommendations are also proposed. However, the essence does not argue that public or private sectors are better but awareness of the differences will enable both sectors‟ managers to be more effective in their own environments. The choice of tools used should balance between the policy compliance and problem solving. Subjects: Shopping centers - China - Hong Kong