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Aerosol Technology in Hazard Evaluation is the fifth in the series of books on the subject of aerosol technology. This series is organized into nine chapters that cover the properties, sampling, and respirable activity of aerosol. After briefly describing the nature of an inhalation hazard, the book examines the properties, measurement, and significance of geometric diameters of aerosols, as well as the shape factors relating them to various particulate properties. The mathematical description of size distributions and the statistics of sampling from a lognormal distribution of particle sizes are provided. Considerable chapters deal with the methods of aerosol concentration measurement and geometric and aerodynamic size sampling. Operating characteristics of respirable aerosol activity samplers and their limitations are also examined. The concluding chapter discusses problems in the production, flow measurement, apparatus calibration, and isokinetic sampling of aerosols. This series will provide a convenient source of information to those concerned in industrial hygiene and will stimulate the interest of those involved in all phases of environmental health.
A spinning disc aerosol generator was calibrated using various concentrations of 80% methylene blue, 20% uranine in ethyl alcohol. Monodisperse aerosols with count median diameters ranging from 1.45 to 7.48 [mu]m, and geometric standard deviations ranging from 1.03 to 1.10 were produced. The aerosol generator constant (K) was 4.90 +̲ 0.25. Two different types of two-stage samplers were calibrated using monodisperse aerosols produced by this generator. One type, using a horizontal elutriator as the first-stage size selector, agreed with the criteria defining respirable dust adopted by the British medical Research Council. The other type, using a small cyclone as the first-stage size selector, agreed with criteria proposed at the Los Alamos Conference when operated at approximately half its recommended flow rate. Operations of this cyclone at its recommended flow rate underestimates any inhalation hazard.
Pulmonary Deposition and Retention of Inhaled Aerosols is concerned with the respiratory deposition and retention of inhaled aerosols, starting with initial intake and concluding with events that precede pathological tissue response, drawing equally upon both the physical and biological aspects of the subject. The book opens with an introductory chapter on the relationship between the dose of an inhaled aerosol and the kind and degree of response, and classification of particulate substances. This is followed by separate chapters on pulmonary deposition and retention of inhaled aerosols; the factors that influence disease risks associated with atmospheric exposure to aerosols; and measurement of aerosol composition and concentration. It is hoped that the book will help the specialists from both sides as well as technical and administrative personnel to acquire a common understanding of the important intermediate factors that operate between the outside dusty atmosphere and the internal tissue damage and disease—factors that may operate to make one exposure dangerous to life and another altogether innocuous.