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This report describes a method whereby the sensitivity of explosives to initiation by other explosives may be evaluated when only a small sample of the explosive is available. Cylindrical brass containers 1" in diameter and l/4" long8 with 0.100" diamieter centrally drilled holes were used to contain the explosive to be tested. The use of such small columns makes it possible to obtain statistically valuable data from small amounts of explosive. The depth of a dent in a steel block placed at the back of the explosive column was used as a criterion to determine whether the shot was a fire or misfire. The order of decreasing sensitivity of the five explosives tested was found to be RDX, tetryl, Comp B, TNT and Comp A. This is in agreement with results of stmilar larger scale experiments.
A revised small scale gap test (SSGT) has been developed. It employs a 1.4-inch long, 0.2-inch diameter RDX column loaded in a brass cylinder as a donor. The acceptor is of similar configuration. The sensitivity of the explosive loaded in the acceptor is determined by the test as a function of the thickness of the lucite barrier which is used to moderate the donor output. The mean firing sensitivity, for instance, is determined from the thickness of lucite at which 50% response would be expected. By revision of methods and design, and by careful control of the loading and the testing conditions, the resolution of the revised SSGT has been improved by a factor of 4 to 5 over that of the original SSGT.
The report describes a small scale gap test (SSGT) used at MRL for the assessment of shock sensitivity of high explosives. Details of the test assembly, procedure and analysis of results, along with results for a range of explosives and explosive compositions are presented. A specially designed explosive firing cell is also described. The MRL SSGT has proved to be a simple, convenient and relatively cheap method for the assessment of shock sensitivity. Results are reproducible and provide a good indication of relative shock sensitivity.
An analysis was performed of Small Gap Test (SSGT) sensitivity data using nonreactive shock Hugoniots, and a recently developed concept which relates sensitivity to porosity. The basic idea of the concept is that detonation is achieved, regardless of porosity, when a critical thermal energy is induced into the explosive by shock. This analysis supports the validity of this notion, both for TATB-like explosives, for which it was conceived, and for other explosive materials as well.
The calibration of the small scale gap test (SSGT) is reported. It covers the ranges of 5 to 90 kbar in shock pressure be simply extrapolated beyond these ranges. Comparison of the shock sensitivities measured in the SSGT with those obtained in the large scale gap test showed quantitative correlation for explosives tested at porosity> or = 10%. Differences at lower porosities are described and discussed.
The Manual of Tests and Criteria contains criteria, test methods and procedures to be used for classification of dangerous goods according to the provisions of Parts 2 and 3 of the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations, as well as of chemicals presenting physical hazards according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). As a consequence, it supplements also national or international regulations which are derived from the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods or the GHS. At its ninth session (7 December 2018), the Committee adopted a set of amendments to the sixth revised edition of the Manual as amended by Amendment 1. This seventh revised edition takes account of these amendments. In addition, noting that the work to facilitate the use of the Manual in the context of the GHS had been completed, the Committee considered that the reference to the "Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods" in the title of the Manual was no longer appropriate, and decided that from now on, the Manual should be entitled "Manual of Tests and Criteria".
HNS-I small scale gap tests were conducted at three densities to determine the effect of density on gap sensitivity and the reproducibility of the gap test. Density was found to have a lower effect on sensitivity than the existing HNS-I acceptance region indicates. The reproducibility of the gap test was determined to be +- 0.21 db at a 95% confidence level.
This book represents a collection of lectures presented at the NATO Advanced study Institute(ASI) on "Chemistry & Physics of the Molecular Processes in Energetic Materials", held at Hotel Torre Normanna, Altavilla Milicia, Sicily, Italy, September 3 to 15, 1989. The institute was attended by seventy participants including twenty lecturers, drawn from thirteen countries. The purpose of the institute was to review the major ad vances made in recent years in the theoretical and experi mental aspects of explosives and propellants. In accordance with the format of the NATO ASI, it was arranged to have a relatively small number of speakers to present in depth, re view type lectures emphasizing the basic research aspects of the subject, over a two week period. Most of the speakers gave two lectures, each in excess of one hour with addition al time for discussions. The scope of the meeting was limit ed to molecular and spectroscopic studies since the hydro dynamic aspects of detonation and various performance crite ria of energetic materials are often covered adequately in other international meetings. An attempt was made to have a coherent presentation of various theoretical, computational and spectroscopic approaches to help a better understanding of energetic materials from a molecular point of view. The progress already made in these areas is such that structure property (e. g.
Over forty different explosives and types of explosives compositions have been fired in the Small Scale Gap Test (SSGT) by the Initiation Research Group at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) during the period 1959 to 1972. Many times there have been: replicate firing, firing at high and low temperatures, batch-to-batch variational studies, tests of influence of composition on sensitivity, etc. These data -- over 500 data points derived from over 12,000 shots make the data readily available to the reader. Test methods have been described. A minimal amount of discussion of the data has been included to demonstrate some of the ways the data can be used. This report is in two volumes of which this is Volume I.