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Contrary to Modigliani and Miller (1958, MM hereafter), Capital Structure is not irrelevant when we consider a firm with a dividend payout policy. This article extends the MM capital structure theorem by relaxing the full payout assumption and introducing retention policy. The theoretical contribution shows that it is possible to verify the theorem when we suppose an investor who exchanges his initial holding for another portfolio composed of consumption and investment. The empirical analysis of this new approach is based on a data set of the USA Electric Utilities and Oil companies for the period 1990-1998. The results show that the relationships between leverage and firm value are significantly affected by the firm's payout ratio. This finding is largely inconsistent with MM's view that the division of a stream between cash dividend and retained earnings is a mere detail in dealing with the irrelevance of capital structure.
This book is my doctoral dissertation. It has been published here because many people have the desire to read an old-fashioned book and enjoy turning the pages to digest the information at a comfortable rate. The original idea for this study, as many of my graduate students already know, came from a lecture by a previous graduate school professor of mine. His parable concerned a famous baseball coach who was really hungry after a baseball game and decided, because he was more hungry than usual, to slice the post-game pizza into eight slices instead of just four. If you understand why that is funny, then you have a good head start on the road to understanding the concept of true valuation. In the Field of Economics, concerning the long-term, price is the ultimate arbiter. When we couple price with non-traditional, relative valuation, whether it's pizza, a corporate entity for purchase for billions of dollars, or just the price of one share of stock, we get a better understanding of what something is actually worth. Therefore, we understand very quickly whether or not we are getting a "good deal" for the price paid. If you are not a rocket-scientist, but want a step-by-step and thorough understanding of what things are really worth - this book is for you.
2012 Reprint of 1930 Edition. Exact facsimile of the original edition, not reproduced with Optical Recognition Software. This work is an important update and reworking of Fisher's "The Rate of Interest," first published in 1907. Very fundamental changes in the nature of the world economy, principally World War I, war financing, the sensational inflation of the currencies of the combatants, and the remarkable developments in new scientific, industrial and agricultural methods had occurred; all requiring integration into a new theory. Fisher called interest "an index of a community's preference for a dollar of present [income] over a dollar of future income." He labeled his theory of interest the "impatience and opportunity" theory. Interest rates, Fisher postulated, result from the interaction of two forces: the "time preference" people have for capital now, and the investment opportunity principle (that income invested now will yield greater income in the future).
Corporate Payout Policy synthesizes the academic research on payout policy and explains "how much, when, and how". That is (i) the overall value of payouts over the life of the enterprise, (ii) the time profile of a firm's payouts across periods, and (iii) the form of those payouts. The authors conclude that today's theory does a good job of explaining the general features of corporate payout policies, but some important gaps remain. So while our emphasis is to clarify "what we know" about payout policy, the authors also identify a number of interesting unresolved questions for future research. Corporate Payout Policy discusses potential influences on corporate payout policy including managerial use of payouts to signal future earnings to outside investors, individuals' behavioral biases that lead to sentiment-based demands for distributions, the desire of large block stockholders to maintain corporate control, and personal tax incentives to defer payouts. The authors highlight four important "carry-away" points: the literature's focus on whether repurchases will (or should) drive out dividends is misplaced because it implicitly assumes that a single payout vehicle is optimal; extant empirical evidence is strongly incompatible with the notion that the primary purpose of dividends is to signal managers' views of future earnings to outside investors; over-confidence on the part of managers is potentially a first-order determinant of payout policy because it induces them to over-retain resources to invest in dubious projects and so behavioral biases may, in fact, turn out to be more important than agency costs in explaining why investors pressure firms to accelerate payouts; the influence of controlling stockholders on payout policy --- particularly in non-U.S. firms, where controlling stockholders are common --- is a promising area for future research. Corporate Payout Policy is required reading for both researchers and practitioners interested in understanding this central topic in corporate finance and governance.
Empirical Capital Structure reviews the empirical capital structure literature from both the cross-sectional determinants of capital structure as well as time-series changes.
This book discusses capital markets and investment decision-making, focusing on the globalisation of the world economy. It presents empirically tested results from Indian and Southwest Asian stock markets and offers valuable insights into the working of Indian capital markets. The book is divided into four parts: the first part examines capital-market operations, particularly clearance and settlement processes, and stock market operations. The second part then addresses the functioning of global markets and investment decisions; more specifically it explores calendar anomalies, dependencies, overreaction effect, causality effect and stock returns volatility in South Asia, U.S. and global stock markets as a whole. Part three covers issues relating to capital structure, values of firm and investment strategies. Lastly, part four discusses emerging issues in finance like behavioral finance, Islamic finance, and international financial reporting standards. The book fills the gap in the existing finance literature and helps fund managers and individual investors make more accurate investment decisions.
This monograph is devoted to a modern theory of capital cost and capital structure created by this book’s authors, called the Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova (BFO) theory, and its application to the real economy. BFO theory promises to replace the traditional theory of capital cost and capital structure by Nobel laureates Modigliani and Miller. This new theory in particular, presents a possible explanation to the causes of the recent global financial crisis. The authors of the book describe the general theory of capital cost and capital structure that can be applied to corporations of arbitrary age (or with arbitrary lifetime) and investment projects with arbitrary duration. The authors illustrate their theory with examples from corporate practice and develop investment models that can be applied by companies in their financial operations. This updated second edition includes new chapters devoted to the application of the BFO theory in ratings, banking and other areas. The authors also provide a new approach to rating methodology highlighting the need for including financial flow discounting, the incorporation of rating parameters (in particular, financial ratios) into the modern theory of capital structure - BFO theory. This book aims to change our understanding of corporate finance, investments, taxation and rating procedures. The authors emphasize that the most used principles of financial management should be changed in accordance to BFO theory.
The global economy has experienced four waves of rapid debt accumulation over the past 50 years. The first three debt waves ended with financial crises in many emerging market and developing economies. During the current wave, which started in 2010, the increase in debt in these economies has already been larger, faster, and broader-based than in the previous three waves. Current low interest rates mitigate some of the risks associated with high debt. However, emerging market and developing economies are also confronted by weak growth prospects, mounting vulnerabilities, and elevated global risks. A menu of policy options is available to reduce the likelihood that the current debt wave will end in crisis and, if crises do take place, will alleviate their impact.