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This special report presents an overview of the Ballistic Vulnerability/Lethality Division's (BVLD) ballistic shock program initiated as an in-house mission program at the U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory during 1991. This effort was designed to address BVLD's need for a ballistic shock methodology to incorporate into existing vulnerability models. Current vulnerability assessment models do not handle ballistic shock related damage in a satisfactory manner and since the future trend in armored vehicle development has shown a prevalence for inclusion of shock sensitive electronic components, it is necessary to account for this type of damage mechanism. Hence, there is a need for an improved methodology to fill this void. The current and planned research efforts, rationale, and objectives are presented along with the necessary assumptions needed to incorporate results into analytical tools compatible with current vulnerability models.
Commencing in the early 1990s, Mr. James O'Bryon of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), Operational Testing and Evaluation (OT & E), charged the Vulnerability Lethality Division (VLD) of what is now the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) to capture in a hard-bound book the art/science of vulnerability and lethality (VIL) analysis. This work has since expanded into the publication of a series of volumes, each dedicated to a particular portion of the VIL community-ground mobile targets, hardened fixed targets, aircraft, etc. As a first step in this mammoth effort, a number of articles were commissioned to be gathered from some of the giants in the history of VIL analysis. These articles gave a foundation from which the writing of the first of the series commenced and are collected in this report with the hope that future generations of VIL analysts will find in them inspiration for their own accomplishments.
Underground facilities are used extensively by many nations to conceal and protect strategic military functions and weapons' stockpiles. Because of their depth and hardened status, however, many of these strategic hard and deeply buried targets could only be put at risk by conventional or nuclear earth penetrating weapons (EPW). Recently, an engineering feasibility study, the robust nuclear earth penetrator program, was started by DOE and DOD to determine if a more effective EPW could be designed using major components of existing nuclear weapons. This activity has created some controversy about, among other things, the level of collateral damage that would ensue if such a weapon were used. To help clarify this issue, the Congress, in P.L. 107-314, directed the Secretary of Defense to request from the NRC a study of the anticipated health and environmental effects of nuclear earth-penetrators and other weapons and the effect of both conventional and nuclear weapons against the storage of biological and chemical weapons. This report provides the results of those analyses. Based on detailed numerical calculations, the report presents a series of findings comparing the effectiveness and expected collateral damage of nuclear EPW and surface nuclear weapons under a variety of conditions.
Training Circular (TC) 3-09.81, "Field Artillery Manual Cannon Gunnery," sets forth the doctrine pertaining to the employment of artillery fires. It explains all aspects of the manual cannon gunnery problem and presents a practical application of the science of ballistics. It includes step-by-step instructions for manually solving the gunnery problem which can be applied within the framework of decisive action or unified land operations. It is applicable to any Army personnel at the battalion or battery responsible to delivered field artillery fires. The principal audience for ATP 3-09.42 is all members of the Profession of Arms. This includes field artillery Soldiers and combined arms chain of command field and company grade officers, middle-grade and senior noncommissioned officers (NCO), and battalion and squadron command groups and staffs. This manual also provides guidance for division and corps leaders and staffs in training for and employment of the BCT in decisive action. This publication may also be used by other Army organizations to assist in their planning for support of battalions. This manual builds on the collective knowledge and experience gained through recent operations, numerous exercises, and the deliberate process of informed reasoning. It is rooted in time-tested principles and fundamentals, while accommodating new technologies and diverse threats to national security.
NASA commissioned the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) to conduct a thorough review of both the technical and the organizational causes of the loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia and her crew on February 1, 2003. The accident investigation that followed determined that a large piece of insulating foam from Columbia's external tank (ET) had come off during ascent and struck the leading edge of the left wing, causing critical damage. The damage was undetected during the mission. The Columbia accident was not survivable. After the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) investigation regarding the cause of the accident was completed, further consideration produced the question of whether there were lessons to be learned about how to improve crew survival in the future. This investigation was performed with the belief that a comprehensive, respectful investigation could provide knowledge that can protect future crews in the worldwide community of human space flight. Additionally, in the course of the investigation, several areas of research were identified that could improve our understanding of both nominal space flight and future spacecraft accidents. This report is the first comprehensive, publicly available accident investigation report addressing crew survival for a human spacecraft mishap, and it provides key information for future crew survival investigations. The results of this investigation are intended to add meaning to the sacrifice of the crew's lives by making space flight safer for all future generations.