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High-speed, medium-resolution, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are important building blocks in a wide range of applications. High-speed, medium-resolution ADCs have been implemented by various ADC architectures such as a folding ADC, a subranging ADC, and a pipeline ADC. Among them, pipeline ADCs have proven to be efficient architectures for applications such as digital communication systems, data acquisition systems and video systems. Especially, power dissipation is a primary concern in applications requiring portability. Thus, the objective of this work is to design and build a low-voltage low-power medium-resolution (8-10bits) high-speed pipeline ADC in deep sub-micron CMOS technology. The non-idealities of the circuit realization are carefully investigated in order to identify the circuit requirements for a low power circuit design of a pipeline ADC. The resolution per stage plays an important role in determining overall power dissipation of a pipeline ADC. The pros and cons of both large and small number of bits per-stage are examined. A power optimization algorithm is developed to decide more accurately which approach is better for lower power dissipation. Both identical and non-identical number of bit per-stage approaches are considered and their differences are analyzed. A low-power, low-voltage 10-bit 100Msamples/s pipeline ADC was designed and implemented in a 0.18mm CMOS process. The power consumption was minimized with the right selection of the per-stage resolution based on the result of the power optimization algorithm and by the scaling down the sampling capacitor size in subsequent stages.
With the fast advancement of CMOS fabrication technology, more and more signal-processing functions are implemented in the digital domain for a lower cost, lower power consumption, higher yield, and higher re-configurability. This has recently generated a great demand for low-power, low-voltage A/D converters that can be realized in a mainstream deep-submicron CMOS technology. However, the discrepancies between lithography wavelengths and circuit feature sizes are increasing. Lower power supply voltages significantly reduce noise margins and increase variations in process, device and design parameters. Consequently, it is steadily more difficult to control the fabrication process precisely enough to maintain uniformity. The inherent randomness of materials used in fabrication at nanoscopic scales means that performance will be increasingly variable, not only from die-to-die but also within each individual die. Parametric variability will be compounded by degradation in nanoscale integrated circuits resulting in instability of parameters over time, eventually leading to the development of faults. Process variation cannot be solved by improving manufacturing tolerances; variability must be reduced by new device technology or managed by design in order for scaling to continue. Similarly, within-die performance variation also imposes new challenges for test methods. In an attempt to address these issues, Low-Power High-Resolution Analog-to-Digital Converters specifically focus on: i) improving the power efficiency for the high-speed, and low spurious spectral A/D conversion performance by exploring the potential of low-voltage analog design and calibration techniques, respectively, and ii) development of circuit techniques and algorithms to enhance testing and debugging potential to detect errors dynamically, to isolate and confine faults, and to recover errors continuously. The feasibility of the described methods has been verified by measurements from the silicon prototypes fabricated in standard 180nm, 90nm and 65nm CMOS technology.
CMOS Telecom Data Converters compiles the latest achievements regarding the design of high-speed and high-resolution data converters in deep submicron CMOS technologies. The four types of analog-to-digital converter architectures commonly found in this arena are covered, namely sigma-delta, pipeline, folding/interpolating and flash. For all these types, latest achievements regarding the solution of critical architectural and circuital issues are presented, and illustrated through IC prototypes with measured state-of-the-art performances. Some of these prototypes are conceived to be employed at the chipset of newest generation wireline modems (ADSL and ADSL+). Others are intended for wireless transceivers. Besides analog-to-digital converters, the book also covers other functions needed for communication systems, such as digital-to-analog converters, analog filters, programmable gain amplifiers, digital filters, and line drivers.
This book shows that digitally assisted analog to digital converters are not the only way to cope with poor analog performance caused by technology scaling. It describes various analog design techniques that enhance the area and power efficiency without employing any type of digital calibration circuitry. These techniques consist of self-biasing for PVT enhancement, inverter-based design for improved speed/power ratio, gain-of-two obtained by voltage sum instead of charge redistribution, and current-mode reference shifting instead of voltage reference shifting. Together, these techniques allow enhancing the area and power efficiency of the main building blocks of a multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) based stage, namely, the flash quantizer, the amplifier, and the switched capacitor network of the MDAC. Complementing the theoretical analyses of the various techniques, a power efficient operational transconductance amplifier is implemented and experimentally characterized. Furthermore, a medium-low resolution reference-free high-speed time-interleaved pipeline ADC employing all mentioned design techniques and circuits is presented, implemented and experimentally characterized. This ADC is said to be reference-free because it precludes any reference voltage, therefore saving power and area, as reference circuits are not necessary. Experimental results demonstrate the potential of the techniques which enabled the implementation of area and power efficient circuits.
Advances in process technologies have led to the development of low-power high speed digital signal processing blocks that occupy small areas. These advances are critical in the development of portable electronic devices with small feature size and long battery life. However, the design of analog and mixed-signal building blocks, especially analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), becomes complex and power-inefficient with each advance in process node. This is because of decreased headroom and low intrinsic gain. In this thesis, circuit techniques that enable the design of low-complexity power-efficient ADCs in submicron CMOS are introduced. The techniques include improved correlated level shifting that allow the use of simple low gain amplifiers to realize high performance pipelined and delta-sigma ADCs. Also included is an investigation of the possibility of replacing the power-hungry amplifier in integrators, used in delta-sigma modulators, with low power zero-crossing-based ones. Simulation results of a correlated level shifting pipelined ADC and measurement results of a fabricated prototype of a zero-crossing-based delta-sigma ADC are employed to discuss the effectiveness of the techniques in achieving compact low-power designs.
Analog Circuit Design contains the contribution of 18 tutorials of the 14th workshop on Advances in Analog Circuit Design. Each part discusses a specific todate topic on new and valuable design ideas in the area of analog circuit design. Each part is presented by six experts in that field and state of the art information is shared and overviewed. This book is number 14 in this successful series of Analog Circuit Design, providing valuable information and excellent overviews of analog circuit design, CAD and RF systems. Analog Circuit Design is an essential reference source for analog circuit designers and researchers wishing to keep abreast with the latest development in the field. The tutorial coverage also makes it suitable for use in an advanced design course.
In today's System-on-Chip (SoC) design, both analog and digital circuits play important role. Digital circuits are fully used to build memory and signal processing blocks. With technology scaling, speed of digital circuits has been boosted a lot in deep submicron technologies. Being the interface between real world and digital block, Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) is now very critical. Since high speed and high precision is required, ADC has now become a bottleneck in SoC design. Especially when integrated with digital circuits, ADC has to maintain its performance in noisy environment. Therefore, effort is deserved to develop high resolution, low power ADC designs. In this thesis, an 11-bit Pipelined ADC with Op Amp sharing technique is presented. The post-layout simulation shows an SNDR of 59.46dB and SFDR of 69.00dB. Current consumption is around 11mA from 2.5V power supply.