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A Particular Line of Reasoning: The Origin of Systemic White Supremacy By: Dr. Steven Nur Ahmed Today, the United States, and the world, are at the proverbial crossroad. Aryanism is nationally pervasive in US institutions and at all levels of society. The issues confronting us all can no longer be hidden. We must address the United States’ foundation on Aryanism and discuss it openly if we are to make significant changes to our society today. Within A Particular Line of Reasoning, Dr. Steven Nur Ahmed addresses the history of Aryanism and white supremacy mythology from its Hinduism origin and identifies the many mythologies, philosophies, theologies, pseudoscientific theories, and political ideologies that have been used to hide its primary purpose. Dr. Ahmed uncovers the intellectual energies invested by a vast majority of the population and our institutions to create the myths of racial supremacy into a rational worldview for the sole purpose of labor exploitation and caste/class segregation. This fascinating insight into the growth of the white supremacy myth seeks to eradicate white supremacy through education and inspire real change for our future.
Anthony Simon Laden explores the kind of reasoning we engage in when we live together: when we are responsive to others and neither commanding nor deferring to them. He argues for a new, social picture of the activity of reasoning, in which reasoning is a species of conversation—social, ongoing, and governed by a set of characteristic norms.
Grounded primarily in the ethnography of communication and aligned with the multidisciplinarity of discourse analysis, the book examines the use of proverbs in the daily life of a social network of Mexican-origin transnational families in Chicago and Michoacán, Mexico. Various and detailed analyses of actual proverb use reveal that proverbs in this particular population function as a highly contextualized communicative strategy that serves four discrete social functions: to argue, to advise, to establish rapport, and to entertain. Proposing that the social and cognitive aspects of language use must be combined for a complete understanding of how such genres of language are actually used by regular people in daily life, the author shows how ordinary people use sophisticated cognitive processes to interpret the socially-relevant meanings of proverbs in everyday conversation. The book provides an unusual mix of contextualized discourse analysis that is ethnographic, linguistic, and cognitive, yielding much needed insight into a segment of the Mexican-origin population of the Midwestern U.S., a population whose increasing importance and size is often mentioned, but about which precious few linguistic studies have been conducted. The volume not only helps to fill this void but it is also one of the few studies that focuses on the impact of transnationalism on linguistic practices, regardless of cultural group. Departing from the conventional approach of ignoring the role of everyday-language use in order to focus exclusively on culture, economics, or migrant patterns, the book makes linguistic practice the central issue, and thus affirms that it is language that weaves together the two distant sites of transnational communities, providing a fertile area for understanding the perspectives of the transmigrants themselves.
A guide to the practical art of plausible reasoning, this book has relevance in every field of intellectual activity. Professor Polya, a world-famous mathematician from Stanford University, uses mathematics to show how hunches and guesses play an important part in even the most rigorously deductive science. He explains how solutions to problems can be guessed at; good guessing is often more important than rigorous deduction in finding correct solutions. Vol. I, on Induction and Analogy in Mathematics, covers a wide variety of mathematical problems, revealing the trains of thought that lead to solutions, pointing out false bypaths, discussing techniques of searching for proofs. Problems and examples challenge curiosity, judgment, and power of invention.
"Here the author of How to Solve It explains how to become a "good guesser." Marked by G. Polya's simple, energetic prose and use of clever examples from a wide range of human activities, this two-volume work explores techniques of guessing, inductive reasoning, and reasoning by analogy, and the role they play in the most rigorous of deductive disciplines."--Book cover.
Bridging Discourses in the ESL Classroom is concerned with the nature of talk in multilingual classrooms. Examining the interactions between students learning in and through English as a second language and their teachers, this book identifies the patterns of discourse which support and enable both second language development and the learning of curriculum knowledge. These patterns are 'bridging discourses', combining the everyday language used by the student with the specialised language of the academic register. Drawing on second language acquisition research and systemic functional linguistic theory, in particular the work of Halliday and Vygotsky, Pauline Gibbons develops tools to view classroom talk through a powerful interdisciplinary lens. Putting forward an innovative new theory of classroom discourse analysis, this book focuses on applying theory to practice. This is an invaluable resource for all teachers, researchers and students of linguistics and education.
Apart from being absolutely invaluable for those seeking admission into the prized portals of Foreign Universities, this book will also be of immense benefit to students of various Management Courses. The book is also a useful guide to those appearing for various Competitive Exams for entry into professional colleges and other institutes of repute within the country. It will also help hone their analytical qualities and enhance their writing skills. In fact, one of the most important criteria for being successful in securing admission to top ranking and reputed Universities abroad, especially in the United States, is the high level of scores obtained in international tests such as GMAT, GRE, TOEFL, etc. These tests include the all-important component of analytical writing tasks on given issues. These apart, prospective students are also required to pen excellent essays on specific topics chosen by the Universities concerned. It is through a critical appraisal of these essays that the selection committee of the concerned College or University is able to effectively gauge the applicants and gain valuable insight into their academic standing and intellectual prowess. Therefore, the vital importance of clear and critical thinking, analytical abilities, and good essay writing cannot be over-emphasized. This book attempts to thoroughly familiarise the student with the art and skills involved in writing effective essays by exposing him to a wide variety of Model Essays on diverse topics. Also Model Responses to a wide spectrum of Analytical Issues with special reference to the requirements of the International Tests mentioned above are offered. Apart from being absolutely invaluable for those seeking admission into the prized portals of Foreign Universities, this book will also be of immense benefit to students of various Management Courses. The book is also a useful guide to those appearing for various Competitive Exams for entry into professional colleges and other institutes of repute within the country. It will also help hone their analytical qualities and enhance their writing skills. In fact, one of the most important criteria for being successful in securing admission to top ranking and reputed Universities abroad, especially in the United States, is the high level of scores obtained in international tests such as GMAT, GRE, TOEFL, etc. These tests include the all-important component of analytical writing tasks on given issues. These apart, prospective students are also required to pen excellent essays on specific topics chosen by the Universities concerned. It is through a critical appraisal of these essays that the selection committee of the concerned College or University is able to effectively gauge the applicants and gain valuable insight into their academic standing and intellectual prowess. Therefore, the vital importance of clear and critical thinking, analytical abilities, and good essay writing cannot be over-emphasized. This book attempts to thoroughly familiarise the student with the art and skills involved in writing effective essays by exposing him to a wide variety of Model Essays on diverse topics. Also Model Responses to a wide spectrum of Analytical Issues with special reference to the requirements of the International Tests mentioned above are offered.