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Presented at the International Gas Turbine & Aeroengine Congress & Exhibition, Orlando, FL, Jun 2 - Jun 5, 1997.
The effect of wake passing on the showerhead film cooling performance of a turbine blade has been investigated experimentally. The experiments were performed in an annular turbine cascade with an upstream rotating row of cylindrical rods. Nickel thin-film gauges were used to determine local film effectiveness and Nusselt number values for various injectants, blowing ratios, and Strouhal numbers. Results indicated a reduction in film effectiveness with increasing Strouhal number, as well as the expected increase in film effectiveness with blowing ratio. An equation was developed to correlate the span-average film effectiveness data. The primary effect of wake unsteadiness was found to be correlated by a streamwise-constant decrement of 0.094.St. Steady computations were found to be in excellent agreement with experimental Nusselt numbers, but to overpredict experimental film effectiveness values. This is likely due to the inability to match actual hole exit velocity profiles and the absence of a credible turbulence model for film cooling. Heidmann, James D. and Lucci, Barbara L. and Reshotko, Eli Glenn Research Center NASA-TM-107425, NAS 1.15:107425, E-10671 RTOP 505-62-10...
Gas turbines play an extremely important role in fulfilling a variety of power needs and are mainly used for power generation and propulsion applications. The performance and efficiency of gas turbine engines are to a large extent dependent on turbine rotor inlet temperatures: typically, the hotter the better. In gas turbines, the combustion temperature and the fuel efficiency are limited by the heat transfer properties of the turbine blades. However, in pushing the limits of hot gas temperatures while preventing the melting of blade components in high-pressure turbines, the use of effective cooling technologies is critical. Increasing the turbine inlet temperature also increases heat transferred to the turbine blade, and it is possible that the operating temperature could reach far above permissible metal temperature. In such cases, insufficient cooling of turbine blades results in excessive thermal stress on the blades causing premature blade failure. This may bring hazards to the engine's safe operation. Gas Turbine Blade Cooling, edited by Dr. Chaitanya D. Ghodke, offers 10 handpicked SAE International's technical papers, which identify key aspects of turbine blade cooling and help readers understand how this process can improve the performance of turbine hardware.
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The combined effects of pulsed film cooling and upstream wakes were studied. In film cooling, compressed air is routed around the combustion chamber of a gas turbine engine and bled through holes on the surface of the turbine blades. This compressed air creates a protective film of relatively cool air that reduces the heat transfer between the combustion gases and the blades. Diverting air from the combustor reduces the power and efficiency of the turbine; however, pulsing the air may provide equivalent or acceptable protection for the turbine blades with less cooling air. Previous pulsed film cooling studies have been completed with a simplified, continuous freestream flow. In an actual turbine, the combustion gases pass through a cascade of rotor blades and stator vanes, which interrupt the flow, sending wakes downstream to subsequent rows of turbine blades. In this study, periodic wakes were added to the mainstream flow. A large test plate was constructed with a row of holes through which film cooling air could be pulsed. A wind tunnel provided a wall jet at a controlled velocity across the test plate. A wake generator was located upstream of the test plate to simulate the effect of upstream turbine blades, so that the resulting flow field, film cooling effectiveness, and heat transfer could be studied. Continuous film cooling resulted in better blade protection than pulsed film cooling at equivalent wake frequencies. For the cases with a continuous freestream and the cases with lower wake frequencies, continuous film cooling jets blowing at half the freestream velocity provided the best protection. For the highest wake frequency tested, continuous film cooling jets blowing at a velocity equal to the freestream velocity provided the best protection. Finally, when comparing pulse timing relative to the wake passing, there was some improvement in blade protection when the cooling jet was on as the wake passed over the cooling holes; however in most cases, differences were small. This study suggests that, for the geometry tested, continuous film cooling provides better protection for gas turbine blades for the same amount of cooling air.