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We have measured the equation of state (EoS) of osmium to 75 GPa under hydrostatic conditions at room temperature using angle dispersive x-ray diffraction. A least-squares fit of the data using a third order Birch-Murnaghan EoS yields K0 = 411 ± 6 GPa and K'0 = 4.0 ± 0.2, showing osmium is in fact more compressible than diamond. Most importantly, we have documented an anomaly in the compressibility at 20.3 GPa associated with a large discontinuity in the first pressure derivative of the c/a ratio. This discontinuity likely arises from the collapse of the small hole-ellipsoid in the Fermi surface near the L point. There has been much interest in the possibility of a Lifshitz [1] or electronic topological transition (ETT) in zinc at high-pressure near 10 GPa. Interestingly, while the experimental data remain somewhat ambiguous [2-5], most simulations suggest the ETT exists in this pressure range [6-8]. Recently, Steinle-Neumann et al. [8] have shown that the transition arises from changes in the band structure near the high-symmetry point K where three bands cross the Fermi surface upon compression. Thus one might expect that other hcp metals should exhibit similar phenomena. The hcp 4d and 5d transition elements Re, Os and Ru are known to be among the densest and stiffest metals [9,10] suggesting that these might in fact be poor candidates in which to look for such effects. In osmium however, experimental and theoretical results [11,12] have shown the existence of small local maxima in the band structure just above the Fermi energy near the high-symmetry point L on the zone boundary [11]. These structures might potentially fall below the Fermi energy upon compression and give rise to an ETT. Osmium is of further interest as recent EoS measurements by Cynn et al. [13] have suggested that Os (K0 = 462 GPa and K'0 = 2.4) has the lowest known compressibility, lower even than diamond (K0 = 446 GPa and K'0 = 3) [14]. This conclusion has strong implications for the nature of the metallic bond in Os and paradoxically implies that the latter, where bonding electrons are delocalized, can be less compressible than the covalent bond, where bonding electrons are localized. The difficulty in supporting such a claim arises due to the fact that in all EoS studies of low compressibility materials, where the maximum experimental pressures are only a small fraction of the value of K0, there exists a direct trade off between low values of K'0 and high values of K0. Accurate investigations of K0 and K'0 simultaneously in materials such as Os requires very high resolution studies in the low pressure region (K0) and high pressure data to constrain K'0 [15]. In order to clarify these points, we have undertaken an experimental study of the EoS of osmium using angle dispersive x-ray diffraction (ADX) with ultra-high accuracy.
Prepared by the IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division this definitive manual, now in its third edition, is designed to improve the exchange of scientific information among the readers in different disciplines and across different nations. This book has been systematically brought up to date and new sections added to reflect the increasing volume of scientific literature and terminology and expressions being used. The Third Edition reflects the experience of the contributors with the previous editions and the comments and feedback have been integrated into this essential resource. This edition has been compiled in machine-readable form and will be available online.
This work was begun quite some time ago at the University of Oxford during the tenure of an Overseas Scholarship of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 and was completed at Banga lore when the author was being supported by a maintenance allowance from the CSIR Pool for unemployed scientists. It is hoped that significant developments taking place as late as the beginning of 1965 have been incorporated. The initial impetus and inspiration for the work came from Dr. K. Mendelssohn. To him and to Drs. R. W. Hill and N. E. Phillips, who went through the whole of the text, the author is obliged in more ways than one. For permission to use figures and other materials, grateful thanks are tendered to the concerned workers and institutions. The author is not so sanguine as to imagine that all technical and literary flaws have been weeded out. If others come across them, they may be charitably brought to the author's notice as proof that physics has become too vast to be comprehended by a single onlooker. E. S. RAJA GoPAL Department of Physics Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 12, India November 1965 v Contents Introduction ................................................................. .
This book provides an introduction to this exciting and relativelynew subject with chapters covering natural and synthetic polymers,colloids, surfactants and liquid crystals highlighting the many andvaried applications of these materials. Written by an expert in thefield, this book will be an essential reference for people workingin both industry and academia and will aid in understanding of thisincreasingly popular topic. Contains a new chapter on biological soft matter Newly edited and updated chapters including updated coverageof recent aspects of polymer science. Contain problems at the end of each chapter to facilitateunderstanding
One of the key aspects of this volume is to cut across the traditional taxonomy of disciplines in the study of alloys. Hence there has been a deliberate attempt to integrate the different approaches taken towards alloys as a class of materials in different fields, ranging from geology to metallurgical engineering. The emphasis of this book is to highlight commonalities between different fields with respect to how alloys are studied. The topics in this book fall into several themes, which suggest a number of different classification schemes. We have chosen a scheme that classifies the papers in the volume into the categories Microstructural Considerations, Ordering, Kinetics and Diffusion, Magnetic Considerations and Elastic Considerations. The book has juxtaposed apparently disparate approaches to similar physical processes, in the hope of revealing a more dynamic character of the processes under consideration. This monograph will invigorate new kinds of discussion and reveal challenges and new avenues to the description and prediction of properties of materials in the solid state and the conditions that produce them.
This book presents a phenomenological approach to the field of solid state magnetism. It surveys the various theories and discusses their applicability in different types of materials. The text will be valuable as a text for graduate courses in magnetism and magnetic materials.
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Presents recent challenges related to new forms of pollution from industries and discusses adequate state-of-the-art technologies capable to remediate such forms of pollution. Over the past few decades the boom in the industrial sector has contributed to the release in the environment of pollutants that have no regulatory status and which may have significant impact on the health of humans and animals. These pollutants also referred to as "emerging pollutants", are mostly aromatic compounds which derive from excretion of pharmaceutical, industrial effluents and municipal discharge. It is recurrent these days to find water treatment plants which no longer produce water that fits the purpose of domestic consumption based on newly established guidelines. This situation has prompted water authorities and researchers to develop tools for proper prediction and control of the dispersion of pollutants in the environment to ensure that appropriate measures are taken to prevent the occurrence of outbreaks due to sudden load of these pollutants in the water system. The chapters in this book cover a wide range of nano and bio-based techniques that have been designed for the real time detection of emerging contaminants in environmental water sources, geochemical models that are continuously improved for the prediction of inorganic contaminants migration from the mine solid wastes into ground and surface waters. Remediation strategies are also discussed and include effective techniques based on nanotechnology, advanced membrane filtration, oxidative and bio-degradation processes using various types of nanocatalysts, biocatalysts or supporting polymer matrices which are under advanced investigations for their implementation at large scale for the removal of recalcitrant pollutants from polluted water. Nano and Bio-Based Technologies for Wastewater Treatment: Prediction and Control Tools for the Dispersion of Pollutants in the Environment is divided is two sections. The first section covers the occurrence of emerging pollutants in environmental water while the second section covers state-of-the-art research on the removal of emerging pollutants from water using sustainable technologies. A total of 13 chapters addressing various topics related to the two sections are essentially based on recent developments in the respective field which could have a significant impact on the enhancement of the performance of wastewater treatment plants around the world, and especially in developing countries where access to clean and safe water remains a daily challenge.
The 3rd edition of this successful textbook continues to build on the strengths that were recognized by a 2008 Textbook Excellence Award from the Text and Academic Authors Association (TAA). Materials Chemistry addresses inorganic-, organic-, and nano-based materials from a structure vs. property treatment, providing a suitable breadth and depth coverage of the rapidly evolving materials field — in a concise format. The 3rd edition offers significant updates throughout, with expanded sections on sustainability, energy storage, metal-organic frameworks, solid electrolytes, solvothermal/microwave syntheses, integrated circuits, and nanotoxicity. Most appropriate for Junior/Senior undergraduate students, as well as first-year graduate students in chemistry, physics, or engineering fields, Materials Chemistry may also serve as a valuable reference to industrial researchers. Each chapter concludes with a section that describes important materials applications, and an updated list of thought-provoking questions.