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This text on precision frequency measurement and its key enabling techniques includes reviews written by some of the most experienced researchers in their respective fields. This text should prove useful to researchers just entering the field of frequency metrology and standards, or equally well to the experienced practitioner.
This book is the fully revised and updated second edition of Power System Dynamics and Stability published in 1997. The modified title Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control reflects a slight shift in focus from solely describing power system dynamics to the means of dealing with them. The book has been expanded by about a third to include: a new chapter on wind power generation; a new section on wide-area measurement systems (WAMS) and their application for real-time control; an overview of lessons learned from wide-spread blackouts affecting North America and Europe in 2003, 2004 and 2006; enhanced treatment of voltage stability and control, and frequency stability and control; application of Lyapunov direct method to analyse and enhance stability of multi-machine power systems ; expanded coverage of steady-state stability using eigenvalue analysis, including modal analysis of dynamic equivalents. The book continues the successful approach of the first edition by progressing from simplicity to complexity. It places the emphasis first on understanding the underlying physical principles before proceeding to more complex models and algorithms. The reader will appreciate the authors’ accessible approach as the book is illustrated by over 400 diagrams and a large number of examples. Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control, Second Edition is an essential resource for graduates of electrical engineering. It is also a clear and comprehensive reference text for undergraduate students, and for practising engineers and researchers who are working in electricity companies or in the development of power system technologies.
Periodical phenomena or, more precisely, quasiperiodical phenomena, occupy a central position in physics. For a long time, their most important parameter has been their period. However, nowadays, we are much more interested in their frequency, and the many reasons for this are discussed in this book. Throughout history, evaluations of time have been based on periodical phenomena such as the apparent motion of the Sun. Indeed, the oldest unit of time is the day. The apparent motion of the Moon and of the celestial sphere, including changes in the appearance of the former, provided longer units, namely, week, month and year. All these periodical phenomen- the natural clocks - were obviously well suited to the observation and prediction of the evolution of nature with its seasonal rhythm. The gnomon and the clepsydra gave reasonably precise subdivisions of the day that could be used in timing human activities, so long as they were mostly agricultural. The invention of the pendulum and of balance wheel clocks marked the dawn of industrial civilisation, which soon de manded measurements of time with ever increasing precision over shorter and shorter periods.
This book is focused on the development of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) as a tool to analyse and control power systems. The book develops a nonlinear system-wide approach to control using PMU signals and provides numerous examples of different power systems to demonstrate the robustness of the approach in comparison to heuristic optimization. Some of the applicable controls include: · Excitation systems;· Wind power;· Static VAR compensators;· High evoltage DC; and· Inverter dynamics. For the operation of transmission and distribution systems, the book explains the dynamics of power systems and explores how well-established tools such as energy-based control and Kalman filters can address many of the existing and developing issues in their operation. By providing a thorough guide to PMUs, this book enables readers to fully understand the potential benefits their implementation can bring.
This book reports on the latest findings in the application of the wide area measurement systems (WAMS) in the analysis and control of power systems. The book collects new research ideas and achievements including a delay-dependent robust design method, a wide area robust coordination strategy, a hybrid assessment and choice method for wide area signals, a free-weighting matrices method and its application, as well as the online identification methods for low-frequency oscillations. The main original research results of this book are a comprehensive summary of the authors’ latest six-year study. The book will be of interest to academic researchers, R&D engineers and graduate students in power systems who wish to learn the core principles, methods, algorithms, and applications of the WAMS.
This updated edition of the industry standard reference on power system frequency control provides practical, systematic and flexible algorithms for regulating load frequency, offering new solutions to the technical challenges introduced by the escalating role of distributed generation and renewable energy sources in smart electric grids. The author emphasizes the physical constraints and practical engineering issues related to frequency in a deregulated environment, while fostering a conceptual understanding of frequency regulation and robust control techniques. The resulting control strategies bridge the gap between advantageous robust controls and traditional power system design, and are supplemented by real-time simulations. The impacts of low inertia and damping effect on system frequency in the presence of increased distributed and renewable penetration are given particular consideration, as the bulk synchronous machines of conventional frequency control are rendered ineffective in emerging grid environments where distributed/variable units with little or no rotating mass become dominant. Frequency stability and control issues relevant to the exciting new field of microgrids are also undertaken in this new edition. As frequency control becomes increasingly significant in the design of ever-more complex power systems, this expert guide ensures engineers are prepared to deploy smart grids with optimal functionality.
Frequency control is an essential requirement of reliable electric power system operations. Determination of frequency control depends on frequency measurement and the practices based on these measurements that dictate acceptable frequency management. This report chronicles the evolution of these measurements and practices. As technology progresses from analog to digital for calculation, communication, and control, the technical basis for frequency control measurement and practices to determine acceptable performance continues to improve. Before the introduction of digital computing, practices were determined largely by prior experience. In anticipation of mandatory reliability rules, practices evolved from a focus primarily on commercial and equity issues to an increased focus on reliability. This evolution is expected to continue and place increased requirements for more precise measurements and a stronger scientific basis for future frequency management practices in support of reliability.
With the general acknowledgement that climate change constitutes an existential threat to both mankind and to the planet, the quest for more sustainable and environmentally-friendly ways of developing and maintaining human civilizations has become ever more important in recent years. This book presents the proceedings of GEESD2022, the 3rd International Conference on Green Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development. Due to continuing travel restrictions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the conference was held as a hybrid event, part face-to-face in Beijing, China, and partly online via Zoom, on 29 June 2022. The 141 papers included here were selected after a rigorous 6-month process of evaluation and peer-review from the more than 300 submissions received, and are grouped into 7 sections: energy system and smart control; sustainable and green energy; environmental modeling and simulation; environmental science and pollution research; ecology and rural environment; building and environment; and water and mineral resources. The book provides an overview of the most up-to-date findings and technologies current in green energy, environment and sustainable development today, and will be of interest to all those working in the field.