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This research presents a method for efficiently and reproducibly comparing diverse battery thermal management concepts in an early stage of development to assist in battery system design. The basis of this method is a hardware-based thermal simulation model of a prismatic Lithium-Ion battery, called the Smart Battery Cell (SBC). By eliminating the active chemistry, enhanced reproducibility of the experimental boundary conditions and increased efficiency of the experimental trials are realized. Additionally, safety risks associated with Lithium-Ion cells are eliminated, making the use of the SBC possible with thermal management systems in an early state of developed and without costly safety infrastructure. The integration of thermocouples leaves the thermal contact surface undisturbed, allowing the SBC to be integrated into diverse thermal management systems.
Thermal Management of Electric Vehicle Battery Systems provides a thorough examination of various conventional and cutting edge electric vehicle (EV) battery thermal management systems (including phase change material) that are currently used in the industry as well as being proposed for future EV batteries. It covers how to select the right thermal management design, configuration and parameters for the users’ battery chemistry, applications and operating conditions, and provides guidance on the setup, instrumentation and operation of their thermal management systems (TMS) in the most efficient and effective manner. This book provides the reader with the necessary information to develop a capable battery TMS that can keep the cells operating within the ideal operating temperature ranges and uniformities, while minimizing the associated energy consumption, cost and environmental impact. The procedures used are explained step-by-step, and generic and widely used parameters are utilized as much as possible to enable the reader to incorporate the conducted analyses to the systems they are working on. Also included are comprehensive thermodynamic modelling and analyses of TMSs as well as databanks of component costs and environmental impacts, which can be useful for providing new ideas on improving vehicle designs. Key features: Discusses traditional and cutting edge technologies as well as research directions Covers thermal management systems and their selection for different vehicles and applications Includes case studies and practical examples from the industry Covers thermodynamic analyses and assessment methods, including those based on energy and exergy, as well as exergoeconomic, exergoenvironmental and enviroeconomic techniques Accompanied by a website hosting codes, models, and economic and environmental databases as well as various related information Thermal Management of Electric Vehicle Battery Systems is a unique book on electric vehicle thermal management systems for researchers and practitioners in industry, and is also a suitable textbook for senior-level undergraduate and graduate courses.
Thermal Management of Batteries presents a comprehensive examination of the various conventional and emerging technologies used for thermal management of batteries and electronics. With an emphasis on advanced nanofluids, the book provides step-by-step guidance on advanced techniques at the component and system level for both active and passive technologyStarting with an overview of the fundamentals, each chapter quickly builds into a comprehensive treatment of up-to-date technologies. The first part of the book discusses advanced battery technologies, while the second part addresses the design and performance optimization of battery thermal management systems. Power density and fast charging mechanisms of batteries are considered, as are role of thermal management systems on performance enhancement. The book discusses the design selection of various thermal management systems, parameters selection for different configurations, the operating conditions for different battery types, the setups used for experimentation and instrumentation, and the operation of thermal management systems. Advanced techniques such as heat pipes, phase change materials, nanofluids, novel heat sinks, and two phase flow loops are examined in detail.Presenting the fundamentals through to the latest developments alongside step-by-step guidance, mathematical models, schematic diagrams, and experimental data, Thermal Management of Batteries is an invaluable and comprehensive reference for graduates, researchers, and practicing engineers working in the field of battery thermal management, and offers valuable solutions to key thermal management problems that will be of interest to anyone working on energy and thermal heat systems. Critically examines the components of batteries systems and their thermal energy generation Analyzes system scale integration of battery components with optimization and better design impact Explores the modeling aspects and applications of nanofluid technology and PCMs, as well as the utilization of machine learning techniques Provides step-by-step guidance on techniques in each chapter that are supported by mathematical models, schematic diagrams, and experimental data
The thermal management of traction battery systems for electrical-drive vehicles directly affects vehicle dynamic performance, long-term durability and cost of the battery systems. The time-efficient yet accurate computational model for the battery thermal management system is essential to improve the performance, safety, and life time of the battery systems. In this analysis, the thermal management system is divided into two different perspectives: pack level and cell-level thermal management system. For the pack level modeling, a new battery thermal management method using a reciprocating air flow for cylindrical Li-ion (LiMn 2 O4 /C) cells was numerically analyzed using (i) a two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model and (ii) a lumped-capacitance thermal model for battery cells and a flow network model. The results of the CFD model were validated with the experimental results of in-line tube-bank systems which approximates the battery cell arrangement considered for this study. The numerical results showed that the reciprocating flow can reduce the cell temperature difference of the battery system by about 4°C (72 % reduction) and the maximum cell temperature by 1.5°C for a reciprocation period of 120 seconds as compared with the uni-directional flow case. Such temperature improvement attributes to the heat redistribution and disturbance of the boundary layers on the formed on the cells due to the periodic flow reversal. From the cell level concern, the spatial-resolution, lumped-capacitance thermal models for cylindrical battery cells under high Biot number (Bi>1) conditions where the classical lumped-capacitance thermal model is inapplicable because of the significant temperature variation in the battery cells was presented in this analysis. The improved lumped-capacitance thermal models were formulated using first- and second-order Hermite integral approximations. For a validation of the results from the lumped-capacitance models, one-dimensional, transient analytical (exact) solutions using the Green function were obtained for the cylindrical Li-ion battery cells. It was found from the comparison of the results from the computational models that the spatial-resolution, lumped-capacitance thermal models accurately predict the temperatures (core, skin and area-averaged) of the battery cell under various battery duty cycles for a wide range of the Biot numbers covering air cooling to liquid cooling conditions. The battery heat generation was approximated by uniform volumetric joule and reversible (entropic) losses.
Battery pack needs to generate a high output within a very short time to meet the power demand of an electric vehicle when it is in acceleration. High discharge current causes significant warming of the Li-ion cells due to internal resistance within the cells. LiFePO4 batteries, however, can be used efficiently only within an operating temperature in the range of 20oC to 40oC. The life span and lifecycle of the battery will reduced significantly if the temperature goes above the recommended range. The rationale of this study is to develop an innovative evaporative cooling battery thermal management system (EC-BThMS) to control the battery temperature in the range of 20oC to 40oC. The simplified mathematical equations have been developed in this study for the kinematics analysis and simulation to investigate the temperature profile of the battery based on discharge current drawn, total heat generation and total heat dissipation from the battery. The performance investigation of the EC-BThMS has been conducted both theoretically and experimentally during discharging mode. Theoretically, it was found that the battery temperature varies from 26.5oCto 31oCfor discharge current in the range of 40 A to 100 A. Experimentally, testing results in IIUM campus road found that the battery temperature varies from 28oC to 34oC for discharge current in the range of 35 A to 120 A. While testing results in Sepang International Circuit (SIC) showed that the battery temperature was in the range of 26oC to 35oCfor discharge current in the range of 60 A to 80 A. The performance of developed EC-BThMS in SIC has also been compared with two types of air cooling battery thermal management systems (AC-BThMS) used in others Proton Saga EV. It was found that the Proton Saga EV with EC-BThMS can save 17.69% more energy than with AC-BThM 1 and 23% than with AC-BThMS 2. The correlations between the measured and predicted values of temperature profiles of the battery during operation have been found to be 97.3%. This is indicates that the predicted data over the measured data have a closed agreement and thus, substantially verified the mathematical model.
Abstract : Global warming has led to increased research in renewable energy and the need for efficient energy storage systems. Lithium-ion batteries are a promising solution, but their performance degrades at high temperatures. To improve thermal management, researchers are exploring the use of phase change materials (PCMs) combined with fin structures. Different fin geometries impact heat dissipation. The goal of this study is to perform a reliability-based design optimization of a battery thermal management system for a desired reliability and temperature level. The design geometry consists of four components that include the lithium-ion cell at the core having a fin structure with a PCM module attached to it, and an acrylic shell on the outside. The geometric design variables include the dimension of the outer radius of the battery shell (overall diameter of the battery) and three dimensions of a T-shaped fin structure. Along with the four design variables, two uncertainty parameters of battery heat generation that happens at the core and the ambient convective heat transfer coefficient on the outer surface are considered for the reliability based design optimization. Latin Hypercube Sampling is used to generate sample points for thermal analysis that is done using ANSYS Mechanical APDL. These data points are used to train a machine learning model to predict temperatures for unknown design samples during the optimization process. The optimization is done using a type of an evolutionary algorithm. Initially the optimization problem was formulated using a single objective function that was minimized to find the optimal design configuration. The results of this optimization encouraged to pursue the ix possibility of multiple optimal solutions and formulate a multi-objective optimization problem.
This document surveys the systems used for thermal management of batteries in vehicles. Battery thermal management is important for battery performance and cycle life. The document also includes a summary of design considerations for battery thermal management and a glossary of terms. This Information Report is a survey of various types of systems used in automotive and commercial vehicles for the thermal management of batteries.