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Although more than 70% of the globe is covered with water, only a small portion is suitable for direct human use, making the scarcity of freshwater one of our plant's most serious challenges. In this context "desalination", defined as "the removal of salt from water", is one of the possible solutions for overcoming our planet's municipal and industrial thirst. By drawing upon the authoritative expertise of a remarkable team of international authors, this book aims to provide an encompassing and "multidisciplinary" introduction to various aspects of desalination. The forte of this publication is that it does not overtly focus on a particular sub-topic of desalination, but rather addresses the topic as a whole. In other words, the unique assortment of reader-friendly chapters is designed to strike a delicate balance between the technical and non-technical. The book is divided into five general sections:The first section presents an overview of water scarcity, followed by a review of integrated water management and the alternatives to desalination. The fundamentals of desalination are provided, including simple water chemistry;The second section covers the conventional technologies of today, including thermal and membrane desalination processes. The topics of pre- and post- treatment are given due credit, as no desalination plant can operate without them;The third section reviews the history of how desalination technologies originated, including a review of today's R&D activities and cutting edge research. The processes and engineering applied for membrane manufacturing are also presented;Section four is concerned with energy and environmental issues, including the application of renewable and nuclear energy, minimization of energy usage and the water-energy-nexus, brine management, and environmental impacts;Finally, section five covers the social and commercial issues, ranging from rural desalination, to the politics of desalination. Desalination costs and feasibility are presented, as well as issues in business development and the future market prospects.Effectively, A Multidisciplinary Introduction to Desalination aims to be a holistic go-to-compendium for anyone seeking a balanced understanding of the various facets of desalination
Resource Recovery in Industrial Waste Waters provides a holistic approach for discovering and harnessing valuable resources from industrial wastewaters, the cutting-edge technologies required, and a discussion on the new findings. In three volumes, the books stress the importance of contaminated waters' remediation, including surface waters, municipal or industrial wastewaters and treating these waters as a new source of nutrients, minerals and energy. It introduces polluted waters as new and sustainable sources, rather than seeing wastewaters as only a source of hazardous organic and inorganic matters. Sections discuss wastewater treatment and recovery and contribute to generate a sustainable approach of wastewater by providing the main advantages and disadvantages of both wastewater/polluted water treatment and recovery. - Reviews the current status of industrial wastewater treatment methods - Discusses the growing need of resource recovery from industrial wastewater, along with the challenges - Describes the importance of water reuse for combating water scarcity by describing current techniques and challenges - Evaluates the potential of the current market and status towards industrial wastewater resource recovery - Considers cutting-edge technologies for resource recovery - Contains comprehensive discussions on possibility of almost all recoverable resources from industrial wastewater
Desalination Project Cost Estimating and Management examines the key issues associated with the estimation of costs for desalination plants. It covers all aspects of desalination project cost estimating and management: direct and indirect capital costs, fixed and variable operation and maintenance costs, and total costs for water production. In addition, it provides a detailed overview of the factors that influence project costs and discusses the technological and project delivery methods to control and optimize project costs. The book includes cost curves for the most commonly used seawater desalination facilities and numeric examples illustrating how to prepare a budgetary cost estimate for a typical desalination project. Features: •Presents a comprehensive engineering overview of key issues associated with desalination project cost estimating. •Includes cost curves which can be used for budgetary level estimates of capital, and operation and maintenance (O&M) expenditures. •Contains easy to use cost-estimating rules of thumb derived from actual desalination projects. •Includes several numeric examples illustrating the cost estimating process.
By drawing upon the authoritative expertise of a remarkable team of international authors, this book aims to provide an encompassing and "multidisciplinary" introduction to various aspects of desalination.
Water scarcity due to climate change, population growth, and economic development is a critical issue in many semi-arid and arid regions around the world. Water scarcity is especially critical in regions where water is shared by several riparian states and used for competing purposes (irrigation, domestic, industry, environment, and hydropower). There is evidence that water scarcity may give rise to conflicts among the riparian states that share water basins. At the same time, there is evidence that proper arrangements among riparian states create a basis for cooperation, which is a necessary condition for economic development, food production, environmental sustainability, and poverty reduction. This book presents a collection of work presented by a group of academics and policy experts dealing with the impact of water scarcity and variability on the ability to jointly manage shared water and the derived welfare of international states and nations sharing international river basins, consisting of economics, technology, law and institutions, geography, and international relations.The book covers theoretical aspects of management of transboundary water as well as case studies from hotspots around the world. The unique aspect of this book is the multidisciplinary nature of the chapters, reflecting a new field of research that will gain popularity as water scarcity will increase over time and across regions.The chapters from the book were presented at the 'Management of Transboundary Water Resources under Scarcity: Perspectives on Agriculture and Food Security' workshop held at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, from June 22 to 23, 2015.
A growing proportion of the world’s population is dependent on Seawater Desalination as a source of fresh water for both potable and civil use. One of the main drawbacks of conventional desalination technologies is the substantial energy requirement, which is facing cost increases in the global energy market. "Seawater Desalination" presents an overview of conventional and non-conventional technologies, with a particular focus on the coupling of renewable energies with desalination processes. The first section of this book presents, in a technical but reader-friendly way, an overview of currently-used desalination processes, from thermal to membrane processes, highlighting the relevant technical features, advantages and disadvantages, and development potential. It also gives a rapid insight into the economic aspects of fresh water production from seawater. The second section of the book presents novel processes which use Renewable Energies for fresh water production. From the first solar still evaporators, which artificially reproduced the natural cycle of water, technology has progressed to develop complex systems to harness energy from the sun, wind, tides, waves, etc. and then to use this energy to power conventional or novel desalination processes. Most of these processes are still at a preliminary stage of development, but some are already being cited as examples in remote areas, where they are proving to be valuable in solving the problems of water scarcity. A rapid growth in these technologies is foreseen in the coming years. This book provides a unique foundation, within the context of present and future sustainability, for professionals, technicians, managers, and private and public institutions operating in the area of fresh water supply.
The overarching goal of this book is to instill a sense of environmental responsibility that will motivate students to take action at the individual level in order to preserve the world in which they live. Researching the environment's condition is important for three main reasons. Because it is basically the application of the scientific techniques and ideas to study of environmental challenges, environmental science has undoubtedly been around in some form since the dawn of science. Ecology, Environmental Studies, Environmental Education, and Environmental Engineering are just a few of the subjects that are sometimes mistaken with Environmental Science. The area of environmental science is all-encompassing and not limited to any one discipline. Although ecology may be a part of environmental science, it is not the same discipline. Interactions between organisms and their environments are of particular interest to ecologists. The majority of ecological studies and education do not concentrate on environmental problems until and until they have an impact on the organism under study. Organisms may or may not be considered while doing research by environmental scientists. The environmental problem, which may be essentially physical in origin, is the main focus. For instance, the impact of acid deposition on organisms may be examined apart from its role as an emissions problem and atmospheric feature.
This volume is a component of Encyclopedia of Water Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. The volume presents state-of-the art subject matter of various aspects of The Desalination Processes Site Selection, Layout and Civil Works such as: Site selection, Design Guidelines of Seawater Intake Systems, Water Intakes by Wells And Infiltration Galleries, Effluent Discharge Using Boreholes and Ponds, Effluent Discharge Using Boreholes and Ponds, Overall Site Layout, MSF Plant Layout, Reverse Osmosis Plant Layout, Electrodialysis Plant Layout, Civil Engineering in Desalination Plants, Mechanical Vibration Insulation, Wind Design, Durability and Repair of Reinforced Concrete In Desalination Plants, Link to Power Station, Disposal and Recirculation of Saline Water. This volume is aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy and Decision Makers.
This volume features the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop "Wastewater Reuse - Risk Assessment, Decision-Making and Environmental Security", held in Istanbul, Turkey, in October 2006. It contains 45 papers that cover the current situation of water management in the world and especially the Middle-east and Mediterranean regions, addressing some of the most difficult international conflicts.