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Containing some of the papers presented to the second International Conference on Islamic Economics held in Islamabad in 1983, this text reflects Muslim thinking on some of the most important economic issues of the late 20th century.
Under the rule of the current economic order, social injustice is ever-increasing. Issues such as poverty, inhumane working conditions, inadequate wages, social insecurity and an unhealthy labor market continue to persist. Many states are also unable to produce policies capable of resolving these problems. The characteristics of the capitalist system currently render it unable to provide social justice. In fact, on the contrary, the system reinforces these injustices and prevents economic and social welfare from reaching the masses. Many Muslim scholars have analyzed and, indeed, criticized this system for years. This book argues that an alternative and more equitable theoretical and practical economical order can been developed within the framework of Islamic principles. On the other hand, the experiences of societies under the rule of Muslim governments do not always seem to hold great promise for an alternative understanding of social justice. In addition, the behaviors of Muslim individuals within their economic lives are mostly shaped by the necessities of daily economic conditions rather than by the tenets of Islam that stand with social justice. Until 1990s, studies of Islamic economics made connections between finance and the notion of social justice, but work conducted more recently has neglected this issue. It is therefore evident that the topic of social justice needs to be revisited in a more in-depth manner. Filling an important gap in existing literature, the book uniquely connects social justice and Islamic finance and economics on this topic. Theory, practice and key issues are presented simultaneously throughout this book, which is based on the writings of a number of eminent scholars.
This thesis concerns the idea of distributive justice, an important subject matter immensely debated in studies of philosophy, political, behavioural and social sciences; yet to be thoroughly analysed in economics. Despite its relevance, works in the formulation of the Theory of Distributive Justice in Islamic Economics are lacking relative to those available in Western scholarship. The existing scholarly products deal mainly with limited and applied aspects of distributive justice. Alternatively, the current work is a comprehensive analysis of the notion of distributive justice in Islamic economics aimed to guide individuals and policymakers in finding practical solutions to economic problems in the Muslim world in particular. This thesis attempts to undertake two tasks, namely; to critically review accessible literature written on distributive justice from the Islamic and western perspectives and to develop a model of distributive justice in based on Islamic heritage that can serve as a foundation to resolve the glaring distributional challenges faced by a number of Muslim countries. It consists of seven chapters, of which four are core to identifying, examining, and cognizing distributive justice within the economic sphere. The first part of the thesis is arranged into two chapters that include the research background, objectives and methods, followed by another chapter exploring justice as a general concept in Western and Islamic Economics. The second part of the thesis investigates distributive justice in its natural form from the perspectives of the western mainstream economists and Islamic economists in two continuous chapters. The academic contribution lies in the extensive literary survey conducted together with the critical appraisals generated as part of responding to the stated research objectives. The second half of the thesis concentrates on developing a model of distributive justice based on the Holy Quran and Sunnah. More specifically, the last two core chapters develop the proposed design of distributive justice according to the Islamic heritage (Turath) and offers a detailed account of the process of operationalizing the theoretical concept of distributive justice; beginning from the identification of key components to its potential dimensions and eventually to the proposed blueprint from an Islamic standpoint. The final contribution is put forward in the forms of assessment, confirmation and justification for the proposed Islamic model of distributive justice . In particular, it contains the required information that supports and validates the proposal as acceptable. Overall, these two chapters synthesise the responses to the remaining research objectives. The concluding chapter offers closing remarks and more importantly, recommendations for future studies related to theories of economic distributions, comparative distributional policies between mainstream economics and Islamic economics as well as empirical analysis of the economic implications of different distribution mechanisms readily available in the Shari’ah.
THEORY OF PROFIT WITH ISLAMIC DIRECTIONS deals with a controversial and neglected, but nonetheless important subject. Readers will find the narration interesting and innovative, for it does not discuss profit theories of various writers separately in chronological order; instead, it identifies issues in the area and analyses the views of various writers on each to propose restructuring of the theory as per Islamic directions. The issues raised include the definition and seat of profit, the cause of its emergence and sources, the motivational aspects and their impact on allocation of resources and incomes distribution, the nature of profit and the regulatory policy role. The work concludes that the source of prevalent confusion on the subject lies in defining profit as a costs/revenues differential of firms and the insistence that it is exclusively attributable to the entrepreneurs who tend to be vanishing in the modern corporate era. For a reformulation of the theory to get rid of inconsistencies, the work suggests that profit should be viewed only as a cost/revenue differential delinked from reward; the firm – not the entrepreneur – should be the focal point for its study, the surplus beyond normal profit must be shared between capital and labour, subject to a minimum wage constraint, to promote social harmony and distributive justice. This book will appeal to the general reader who is looking for a lucid narration on a topic of common interest. Academics will find it interesting because of its historical updating and novelty of treatment. University students of economics will find this work an invaluable resource.
This book explores in detail the proposition that (private) morality, especially religious morality, is vital for achieving economic well-being and human happiness; and that this linkage would be even stronger in an Islamic economy. The book highlights the need for an active interaction between religion, morality and economics in general and in an (idealized) Islamic economy in particular. Professor Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi has an MA from Yale University and a PhD from Princeton University. He did his post-doctoral work at Harvard University.
The study of Islamic economics provides an interesting complement to conventional economics as they both study economic behaviour to enhance human well-being. Muhammad Akram Khan articulates an expert view on how to use distinct approaches to achieve this in the context of Islamic economics.
Gain deeper insight into the principles and theory of Islamic economics Introduction to Islamic Economics: Theory and Application provides an overview of the organizing principles and fundamentals of an Islamic economy. With deep discussion of the characteristics, rationale, key institutions, objectives, and instruments at work, the book addresses the core economic principles underlying a system based on the foundational teachings of Islam, and examines the implications for economic policies. Social welfare, economic justice, market functionality, efficiency, and equity are explored from an Islamic perspective, and the role and instruments of fiscal and monetary policy in Islamic systems are used to illustrate contemporary applications. Universities around the globe are offering courses on Islamic economics and finance, but despite the industry's rapid growth, most research has been focused on the financial principles rather than underlying economic principles. The first book of its kind, Introduction to Islamic Economics brings all the key concepts together into one reference volume. By outlining the ways in which Islamic finance and Islamic economics interrelate, this book can help readers to: Develop an understanding of the Islamic economic system and its institutional scaffolding Differentiate between the major characteristics of the dominant conventional economy and one based on the fundamental sources of Islam Understand the conditions that must be met for a just, well-balanced, stable, and growing economy Clarify the role of State, public policy, and risk-sharing in the Islamic financial system The Islamic financial system is expanding quickly, and those looking to increase their relevance in a changing economic landscape must get up to speed. Introduction to Islamic Economics provides a comprehensive overview of underlying economic system offering a deeper understanding of the feature of the system. This book is an excellent complement to Introduction to Islamic Finance, 2E by Iqbal and Mirakhor.
The Islamic perception of the socio-economic process is dynamic and its insistence on social justice is uncompromising. To produce the best social structure, according to this view, man’s economic endeavours should be motivated by a meaningful moral philosophy. In the face of the challenges presented by the modern world, the practice of Islamic economics raises many complex and profound issues. These are addressed in this highly important work, which must be considered essential reading for all those who live in the vision of the ‘right’. First published in 1994.
This book aims to explore and analyse Islamic Moral Economy (IME) as an alternative economic and social system to capitalism and socialism. It proposes a new model of Islamic development, integrating global development within an Islamic framework of spiritual development. It is argued that the failure of Muslim countries to provide basic necessities and an environment free of oppression and injustice can be overcome with this authentic Islamic development framework. In addition, this book can be an important study to identify the theological, political, social and economic boundaries for changing the society to produce IME oriented developmentalism.