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J. Oort and J.P.A. Baak This manual is written by pathologists and is meant for pathologists. It deals with a subject that became especially popular in pathology at the end of the last decade: morphometry. Morphometry is defined as the quantitative description of a structure (Weibel, 1969). This structure may be both of macroscopic and micro scopic size. Strictly, the size of an organ is a morphometric feature. This type of morphometry has long been in use in pathology. Examples ofthis type in diagnostic pathology have been given by Roesle and Roulet (1932). In this manual, however, the term morphometry is used in its re stricted microscopic meaning, i.e., the quantitative description of micro scopic images and features. The quantitative analysis of microscopic pic tures has for a long time been subordinated to the qualitative description. This may partly have been caused by the preference of the human mirld for pattern recognition rather than quantitative appraisal, which leads to judgements based on impressions subconsciously tested against the ob server's (mental) image of the normal pattern. Another cause may have been the time-consuming difficulties of collecting and computing quanti tative information. During the past decades the usefulness of quantitative methods in histo- and cytopathology has been stressed for many different subjects. In addition, minicomputers have become widely available and are becoming increasingly inexpensive; the more so since the introduction of micro com puters.
The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) was creat ed to promote cooperative efforts toward solving critical health and safety questions involving foods, drugs, cosmet ics, chemicals, and other aspects of the environment. The officers and trustees believe that questions regarding health and safety are best resolved when government and industry rely on scientific investigations, analyses, and reviews by independent experts. Further, the scientific aspects of an issue should be examined and discussed on an international basis, separate from the political concerns of individual companies. The Institute is pleased to sponsor this set of monographs on pathology of laboratory animals. This project will help to improve the scientific application of the techniques of pathology to the evaluation of substances in our environ ment. The worldwide distribution of the authors, editors, and editorial board encourages the expectation that inter national communication and cooperation will also be strengthened. Alex Malaspina President International Life Sciences Institute Preface This book on the endocrine system is Volume I of a set of reference books on pathology of laboratory animals, prepared by the Interna tional Life Sciences Institute in response to recommendations from its Committee on Pathology and Toxicology. One aim is to provide infor mation which will be useful to pathologists, especially those involved in studies on the safety of foods, drugs, chemicals, and other sub stances in the environment.
Previous volumes in this series have discussed the current progression have identified a variety of targets and strategies state of our knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of to allow these goals to be realized. This volume critically cancer growth and progression. The complexity of the in reviews approaches towards cancer management in man at teraction of malignant neoplasms and the host, the the levels of: detection, diagnosis, surgery, radiology, heterogeneity of malignant cell subpopulations, and the chronobiology and endocrine treatment. existence of metastatic tumor cells resistant to drug thera Several chapters review selected methods of cancer diag pies remain as significant clinical challenges to clinical on nosis. In addition, a variety of on-going and novel ap cologists. Indeed, conventional treatment regimens of che proaches for cancer treatment are also presented in this volume. Progress in the early detection of malignant neo motherapy, surgery and radiology are often ineffective for the therapy of a large variety of established metastatic can plasms, coupled with novel approaches for the therapy of cer in patients. When one considers the insidiousness of such neoplasms, may ultimately yield safe and well-tolerated agents for the selective therapy of solid malignancies. New progressive neoplastic growth and the emergence of con tinuously more aggressive and malignant cellular subpop therapeutic approaches, directed towards the biochemical ulations one is overwhelmed with the challenges inherent in and molecular targets identified in the earlier volumes of this series, may ultimately lead to the generation of new mo attempting to control malignant neoplasms.
In a condition of such complexity as bronchial carcinoma and at a time when the scientist's understanding of malignant disease is still incomplete, it is inevitable that views within the medical profession will proliferate. This book is an attempt to assemble these views in the light of 33 years of surgical experience and is intended for those specialists who will be concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer in the foreseeable future. The wide clinical experience of the contributing authors has ena bled every aspect of this disease to be considered, with emphasis being placed on diagnostic techniques such as CT scanning and fine needle transpleural biopsy, as well as on the latest method of treatment by lasers. Bronchial carcinoma remains the major cause of cancer death in the United Kingdom, accounting for 60Jo of all deaths. While the incidence has decreased slightly in the male population, there has been an equivalent increase in the female population.
There have been many advances in the field of gastrointestinal pa thology which are of considerable clinical significance during the 13 years since the last publication of a volume of Current Topics in Pathology devoted to this subject. Many have arisen from the app lication of new techniques of histochemistry, immunocytochemi stry, quantitative morphometry and molecular and cell biology to gastrointestinal diseases, but some, notably the recognition of the association of Campylobaeter pylori with the commonest type of chronic gastritis, have been achieved using such long established 'routine' histological procedures that one wonders how their signifi cance had escaped recognition for so long. The topics covered in this volume have been selected because they present advances of relevance to the diagnostic clinical pathologist. However, they re present the personal selection of the editor, and are in no way exhaustive. Many other examples of progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal diseases have been omit ted, either because of the confines of space or because they have been well reviewed recently in other publications. Most of the workload of the practising gastrointestinal patholo gist involves the diagnosis and assessment either of inflammation or of neoplasia in the alimentary tract, and this is reflected in the topics presented in this book.
This third edition of the popular Cellular Pathology textbook provides a thorough coverage of all the key areas of histological and cytological techniques. It is written for students studying courses in biomedical sciences, healthcare science or other subjects allied to medicine. The book provides essential information on those techniques that have particular relevance to both the diagnosis of disease and also for research in pathology. This 3rd edition has been thoroughly updated and extended to: include changes in established practice accommodate newly emerging techniques such as in molecular diagnostics provide an introduction to the latest immunological methods, microscopy techniques, image analysis systems and approaches in liquid-based cytology show all images in full colour. Additionally, the general principles of pathology are given a more rigorous treatment and the approach to good laboratory practice has been expanded. This edition continues to feature learning objectives, revision notes, recommended further reading and self-evaluation questions, all of which really help the student to understand the subject. The book further benefits from an increased number of photographs that illustrate typical results and techniques - all in full colour. Cellular Pathology 3e reflects the current requirements of cellular pathology teaching and practice and provides essential reading for any course that relates to cellular pathology, histology and histopathology.
The liver is a large organ that sits in the right upper abdomen, just under the right lung. It is one of the body's most 'intelligent' organs in that it performs so many different functions at the same time. The liver makes proteins, eliminates waste material from the body, produces cholesterol, stores and releases glucose energy and metabolises many drugs used in medicine. It also produces bile that flows through bile ducts into the intestine where it helps to digest food. This organ also has the ability to regenerate itself if it is injured or partially removed. Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver that involves the formation of fibrous (scar) tissue associated with the destruction of the normal architecture of the organ. Many types of chronic injury to the liver can result in scar tissue. This scarring distorts the normal structure and re-growth of liver cells. The flow of blood through the liver from the intestine is blocked and the work done by the liver, such as processing drugs or producing proteins, is hindered. Until recently, the most common cause of cirrhosis of the liver in the United States was attributed to alcohol abuse. Because of the rapid increase of hepatitis C virus infection, hepatitis C has now taken over first place (26%), with alcohol abuse falling to second place, but only slightly behind at 21%. This outstanding new book elucidates new and important research results from throughout the world.