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The infix -um- is used in Toba Batak to build comparative degree of adjectives in a variety of intricate patterns that are explored in the book “Comparative Degree of Adjectives: The Patterns of the Infix -um- in Toba Batak”. By conducting extensive study, the author examines a range of instances of this usage in Toba Batak phrases, offering readers a solid grasp of how the language conveys comparisons between different objects concerning quality or intensity. The book is a useful tool for individuals who want to learn more about the grammar and semantics of Toba Batak in the context of its culture and language, in addition to providing a clear summary of the language’s structure and patterns. The contents of this book consist of several components, namely: Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Review of Literature Chapter 3 The Patterns of the Infix -um- in Toba Batak Denoting Comparative Degree Chapter 4 Implementations of Innovations “Comparative Degree of Adjectives: The Patterns of the Infix -um- in Toba Batak” offers a comprehensive exploration of the linguistic nuances within the Toba Batak language, particularly focusing on the formation of comparative degrees of adjectives through the use of the infix -um-. This book offers unique insights into the cultural and linguistic nuances of the dynamic language of Toba Batak, while also enhancing our understanding of grammar and semantics via the analysis of a variety of examples and patterns.
The suffix-an is used in Toba Batak to construct the comparative degree of adjectives in many of the complex patterns explored in the book Comparative Degree of Adjectives: Patterns of the Suffix -an in Toba Batak. Conducting an in-depth study, the author examines a series of examples of this usage in Toba Batak, providing readers with a solid understanding of how Toba Batak conveys comparisons between different objects in quality or intensity. The book is a useful tool for those who want to learn more about the grammar and semantics of Toba Batakin its cultural and linguistic context, in addition to providing a clear summary of the structure and the model of the language. The contents of this book include several elements, namely: Chapter 1 Opening Remarks Chapter 2 Literature Overview Chapter 3 Patterns of the Suffix-an in Toba Batak Denoting Comparative Degree Chapter 4 Closing Remarks The patterns of the suffix -an in Toba Batak provide comprehensive explorations of the linguistic nuances of the Toba Batak, especially focusing on forming the comparative degree of adjectives through the use of the suffix -an. This book provides unique insight into the cultural and linguistic nuances of Toba Batak's dynamic language, while also enhancing our understanding of grammar and semantics through extensive analysis, various examples, and models.
Volumes in the Trends in Linguistics. Documentation series focus on the presentation of linguistic data. The series addresses the sustained interest in linguistic descriptions, dictionaries, grammars and editions of under-described and hitherto undocumented languages. All world-regions and time periods are represented.
This book presents a state-of-the-art cross-linguistic survey of applicative constructions in the functional-typological tradition. An introductory section sets the terminological and analytical stage, presents the methodology used by the different chapters, and provides a typological outlook. The individual contributions address the morphological, syntactic and semantic variation of applicatives, as well as their discourse-pragmatic function. They cover all major language families and some isolates that feature some illuminating version of the phenomenon, paying special attention to language-internal variation and unity. The phenomena surveyed range from those instances usually considered canonical (valency-increasing, syntactically and semantically predictable, productive, dedicated, and optional) to those occasionally understudied in descriptive works and frequently neglected in comparative studies (valency-neutral, rather unpredictable, lexicalized, syncretic, and/or obligatory).
An essential source of reference for this linguistic community, as well as for linguists working on typology and syntax.
This book presents a collection of papers on clusivity, a newly coined term for the inclusive–exclusive distinction. Clusivity is a widespread feature familiar from descriptive grammars and frequently figuring in typological schemes and diachronic scenarios. However, no comprehensive exploration of it has been available so far. This book is intended to make the first step towards a better understanding of the inclusive–exclusive opposition, by documenting the current linguistic knowledge on the topic. The issues discussed include the categorial and paradigmatic status of the opposition, its geographical distribution, realization in free vs bound pronouns, inclusive imperatives, clusivity in the 2nd person, honorific uses of the distinction, etc. These case studies are complemented by the analysis of the opposition in American Sign Language as opposed to spoken languages. In-depth areal and family surveys of clusivity consider this opposition in Austronesian, Tibeto-Burman, central-western South American, Turkic languages, and in Mosetenan and Shuswap.