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The contamination of drinking water supplies by nonpoint source (NPS) pollution continues to be an important issue in environmental and water resource management. The degradation of groundwater by NPS pollutants, particularly pesticides, has become a growing public concern mainly because of the potential of long-term health effects. According to the 1994 Special Review issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), there are concerns that residues of atrazine in drinking water may increase cancer risks to the public. Thus, there is a strong need for effective tools for evaluating the environmental processes that influence the fate and transport of pesticides in the subsurface environment and the potential health risks associated with drinking contaminated water supplies.
Effluents from industries and use of fertilizers and pesticides for agricultural developments are threats to groundwater quality. Remediation of contaminated groundwater is costly but groundwater protection is possible through enforcement of development policies based on scientific researches such as vulnerability assessment to contamination. This work focuses on Atebela groundwater catchment, Sebeta area. In recent years, groundwater quality has been deteriorating due to agricultural and industrial expansion which release potentially hazardous contaminants. The work applied DRASTIC model for the assessment of groundwater vulnerability to contamination in Atebela groundwater catchment. It employs a numerical ranking system that assigns relative weights to hydrogeological factors that control the fate of groundwater contaminants. The mapping process involved GIS as a tool for overlaying the various layers to produce vulnerability maps. They are useful to provide zoning for groundwater protection and are presented in a clear format for the use by policy and decision makers to develop appropriate legislative framework for the protection of the groundwater system.
Pesticide pollution of groundwater results from agricultural practices, the properties of the substance and its behavior in the soil environment, and the characteristics of aquifers and their vulnerability. Pesticide Risk in Groundwater provides an overview of the main issues concerning pesticide pollution of groundwater worldwide. The book is divided into five sections. Section I reviews experimental data of groundwater monitoring to indicate the extent of the problem on a global basis. Based on this evaluation, herbicides are examined in depth. Section II describes predictive approaches to estimate the distribution and fate of pesticides, and includes a chapter devoted to hydrogeological aspects affecting the vulnerability of aquifers. The third section evaluates pesticides in relation to their toxicology. It critically examines the criteria and procedures by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to define quality objectives, and compares the monitoring data on pesticides in groundwater with their quality objectives. Section IV evaluates various strategies to control and prevent groundwater pollution problems. Different water treatment options are described from a technical and economic point of view. The main preventative actions include the chemical approach, the agronomic approach, and the land use approach. The final section reviews the state of the art of drinking water regulations in the EEC, the United States, and other OECD countries. The author describes the economic implications of groundwater pollution and its control and exemplifies with a real case study.
This book presents the state-of-the-art in the area of water remediation. It covers topics such as decentralized ecological wastewater treatment, applications of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) in water quality monitoring and remediation, water remediation through nanotechnology, and processes used in water purification. The contents of this volume will prove useful to researchers, students, and policy makers alike.
Prepared by the Groundwater Risk Assessment Task Committee for the Water Pollution Management Committee of the Environmental Engineering Division of ASCE. ThisØreport discusses the control of contaminated groundwater and the use of risk assessment to mitigate this contamination. The report explores such issues asØdefining the level of contamination,Ødetermining which substances are contaminants, andØdeciding the level of restoration needed. These and other issues are discussed within the framework of risk assessment and risk management. Critical components of risk assessment and risk management are described, as are their strengths and weaknesses.
This book is Volume 2 which is published to complement "Environmental Processes and Management: Tools and Practices" (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-38152-3), 2020 This book provides an in-depth, well-researched and science-based approach to applying key project management and spatial tools and practices in environmental projects. This book is an important read for leaders considering projects that balance social–economic growth against minimizing its ill effects on Planet Earth. This book brings together several aspects of groundwater engineering, as well as the formula and analytical approaches required for more informed decision-making. It also highlights the vital importance of understanding the technological, economic and social dimensions of environmental studies explained through dynamic approaches and illustrative figures that have short-term results and long-term impacts. This book emphasizes on encouraging the modern and vibrant research works conducted by young researchers across the world. This book clearly details the general application of fundamental groundwater processes, the character of the different types of systems in which they occur and the way in which these factors influence process dynamics, environmental systems and their possible remedies. The book sets a possible recommendation for the professionalism with which environmental research should be planned, executed, monitored, assessed and delivered. While primarily intended for professionals responsible for the management of groundwater projects or interested in improving the overall efficiency of such projects, it is also useful for managers in the private, public and not-for-profit sectors. The book is a valuable resource for students at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. In addition, this book serves as an indispensable guide for anyone willing to develop their skills in modern groundwater / environmental management and related techniques