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The 1993 regulation (Part 503 Rule) governing the land application of biosolids was established to protect public health and the environment from reasonably anticipated adverse effects. Included in the regulation are chemical pollutant limits, operational standards designed to reduce pathogens and the attraction of disease vectors, and management practices. This report from the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology evaluates the technical methods and approaches used by EPA to establish those standards and practices, focusing specifically on human health protection. The report examines improvements in risk-assessment practices and advances in the scientific database since promulgation of the regulation, and makes recommendations for addressing public health concerns, uncertainties, and data gaps about the technical basis of the biosolids standards.
Water and Wastewater Finance and Pricing: A Comprehensive Guide, Third Edition provides a framework from which utility professionals can address financial planning and pricing objectives. In this volume, the lead author and his co-authors apply experience gained over the past quarter century working with nearly 1000 utilities throughout the United
Comprehensive Guide to Water and Wastewater Finance and Pricing, Second Edition provides an updated and expanded examination of the principal aspects of financing and pricing for water and wastewater utilities. Organized in two sections, this new edition covers everything from privatization and setting rate structures to long-term and short-term financing. Traditional and innovative financing methods and pricing structures are provided. The guide also shows how to design appropriate pricing structures to ensure equity and self-sufficiency. What's new in the Second Edition? Comprehensive Guide to Water and Wastewater Finance and Pricing, Second Edition has been significantly revised and expanded to address current trends in the industry. The new edition features expanded discussions of state revolving loan funds (SRFs) as a financing method for local governments, the privatization concept and current incentives and disincentives associated with environmental privatization, the impact on public private partnerships of the President's executive order relating to grant funded facilities, and proposed tax legislation that could have a significant impact on environmental infrastructure financing. The new edition provides a detailed example of how a utility would establish revenue requirements and then structure a set of rates to recover these requirements. It also provides a comprehensive chapter on conservation pricing which discusses the background of conservation rates, advantages and disadvantages, and design considerations of conservation rate structures (uniform rates, inverted block rates, seasonal rates, and marginal cost rates). Results from Ernst & Young's 1992 National Water and Wastewater Survey are supplied as well. Comprehensive Guide to Water and Wastewater Finance and Pricing, Second Edition will be an indispensable reference for water and wastewater management, professional engineers, U.S. government officials, state and local government planners, investment bankers, utility entrepreneurs, directors of water and wastewater utilities, finance managers, utility and environmental attorneys, and financial and rate consultants.