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A study of the thorium-carbon system has been made and a tentative phase diagram constructed from metallographic X-ray, and melting point data. The existence of two compounds, ThC (4.92% carbon) and ThC2 (9.38% carbon), has been verified. No conclusive evidence was found for any other compound. The monocarbide has a sodium chloride type structure, and the lattice constant for this compound is shown to be 5.34 A. This is considerably larger than the lattice constant previously reported for the monocarbide. It is shown that the lattice constant previously measured was that of a solid solution of thorium in thorium monocarbide. The lattice constant at room temperature for the monocarbide phase increases from 5.29 to 5.34 A as the carbon content is increased from about 3.8 to 4.92%. The monocarbide melts at 2625 +/- 25 C and the dicarbide at 2655 +/- 25 C. All compositions between thorium and the monocarbide show complete miscibility in the liquid state and in the solid state at elevated temperatures. However, an immiscibility gap in the solid solution area appears to extend from room temperature to just under the solidus line. The peak of this gap is at about 2% carbon and 1975 C. The compositions of the thorium rich and carbon rich solid solutions for this gap at room temperature are about 0.25% carbon and 3.8% carbon, respectively. The monocarbide and dicarbide also form a complete series of solid solutions at elevated temperatures but show little or no mutual solid solubility at room temperature. The dicarbide forms a eutectic with graphite containing approximately 12.6% carbon which melts at 2500 +/- 35 C.
This volume comprises the compounds of thorium with the 4th main group elements silicon and germanium and all 5th main group elements except nitrogen. On the subject of ternary and polynary compounds containing oxygen, only those compounds with phosphorus are included (e.g., phosphates, hypophosphates, or phosphinates). Similar compounds of the other ele ments like silicates, arsenates, etc. were already treated in "Thorium" Suppl. Vol. C 2, 1976. Most of the compounds in the different systems treated in this volume are of scientific interest because of their special physical and chemical properties. On the other hand, there are also many compounds wh ich are of specific technological interest, mainly in the nuclear field. Refractory compounds like ThSi or ThP have potential interest as nuclear fuel for special reactors due to their physical properties like good heat conductivity and their chemical stability, e.g., against the corrosion of cladding alloys for nuclear fuel elements. Due to the present situation in the further development of the thorium nuclear fuel cycle, their large potential has not yet been fully investigated. For most of the binary and ternary phases in these systems, we presently have good knowledge about the preparation of the compounds and their physical and chemical properties. But nevertheless, there are still a lot of open questions concerning phase equilibria, solid solutions, and homogeneity of some of the phases described in this volume.
Evaluations of pure indium plus 79 binary indium alloys and 24 higher-order systems containing indium. In addition, a special section is on solders and other significant applications of indium are included.
The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements is a contemporary and definitive compilation of chemical properties of all of the actinide elements, especially of the technologically important elements uranium and plutonium, as well as the transactinide elements. In addition to the comprehensive treatment of the chemical properties of each element, ion, and compound from atomic number 89 (actinium) through to 109 (meitnerium), this multi-volume work has specialized and definitive chapters on electronic theory, optical and laser fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, organoactinide chemistry, thermodynamics, magnetic properties, the metals, coordination chemistry, separations, and trace analysis. Several chapters deal with environmental science, safe handling, and biological interactions of the actinide elements. The Editors invited teams of authors, who are active practitioners and recognized experts in their specialty, to write each chapter and have endeavoured to provide a balanced and insightful treatment of these fascinating elements at the frontier of the periodic table. Because the field has expanded with new spectroscopic techniques and environmental focus, the work encompasses five volumes, each of which groups chapters on related topics. All chapters represent the current state of research in the chemistry of these elements and related fields.