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Forecasting is required in many situations. Stocking an inventory may require forecasts of demand months in advance. Telecommunication routing requires traffic forecasts a few minutes ahead. Whatever the circumstances or time horizons involved, forecasting is an important aid in effective and efficient planning. This textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to forecasting methods and presents enough information about each method for readers to use them sensibly.
Seven short-term forecasting models, two using least-squares estimation methods and five employing variations of the exponentially weighted moving average method, are compared in their relative ability to produce minimum error variance forecasts for seven simulated time series. Each series was generated to enable one of the forecast models to be the least squared error predictor. A comparison methodology is developed which facilitates forecast model performance through the measurement of model specification errors. A computer program is presented which may be modified to accept real time series and which permits the forecast models to be ranked in order of their relative specification error. (AUTHOR).
The overarching aim of this open access book is to present self-contained theory and algorithms for investigation and prediction of electric demand peaks. A cross-section of popular demand forecasting algorithms from statistics, machine learning and mathematics is presented, followed by extreme value theory techniques with examples. In order to achieve carbon targets, good forecasts of peaks are essential. For instance, shifting demand or charging battery depends on correct demand predictions in time. Majority of forecasting algorithms historically were focused on average load prediction. In order to model the peaks, methods from extreme value theory are applied. This allows us to study extremes without making any assumption on the central parts of demand distribution and to predict beyond the range of available data. While applied on individual loads, the techniques described in this book can be extended naturally to substations, or to commercial settings. Extreme value theory techniques presented can be also used across other disciplines, for example for predicting heavy rainfalls, wind speed, solar radiation and extreme weather events. The book is intended for students, academics, engineers and professionals that are interested in short term load prediction, energy data analytics, battery control, demand side response and data science in general.
A methodology for real-time operations has been developed for the short-term forecasting of cloud and precipitation fields. Pattern recognition techniques are employed to extract useful features from the data field and extrapolation techniques are used to project these features into the future. To reduce computational load, contours defined by directional codes are used to delineate features. These contours are subdivided and attributes such as length, location, and location of each segment are determined. Segment matching is performed for successive observations and attribute changes are monitored over time. Several techniques for the forecasting of attributes have been explored, and an exponential smoothing filter and a linear trend adaptive smoothing filter have been chosen as most appropriate. Currently analysis is performed on a minicomputer and image processor system utilizing radar reflectivity data. Refinement of these techniques and extension into a more comprehensive short term forecasting program is planned.
A time series is a collection of data recorded over a period of timeweekly, monthly, quarterly, or yearly. Forecasting the level of sales, both short-term and long-term, is practically dictated by the very nature of business organizations. Competition for the consumer's dollar, stress on earning a profit for the stockholders, a desire to procure a larger share of the market, and the ambitions of executives are some of the prime motivating forces in business. Thus, a forecast is necessary to have the raw materials, production facilities, and staff available to meet the projected demand. Time series analysis can be applied to real-valued, continuous data, discrete numeric data, or discrete symbolic. Analyzing time oriented data and forecasting future values of a time series are among the most important problems that analysis face in many fields ranging from finance and economics to managing production operations. The emphasis of this book is on time series analysis and forecasting. This book is intended for practitioners who make real world forecasts. Time series analysis has got attention of many researches from different fields, such as business administration, economics, public finances. Forecasting is an important activity in economics, commerce, marketing and various branches of science. This book, Introduction to Time Series Analysis and Forecasting, is concerned with forecasting methods based on the use of time-series analysis. It is primarily intended as a reference source for practitioners and researchers in forecasting, who could, for example, be statisticians, econometricians, operational researchers, management scientists or decision scientists.