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Even though youth crime rates have fallen since the mid-1990s, public fear and political rhetoric over the issue have heightened. The Columbine shootings and other sensational incidents add to the furor. Often overlooked are the underlying problems of child poverty, social disadvantage, and the pitfalls inherent to adolescent decisionmaking that contribute to youth crime. From a policy standpoint, adolescent offenders are caught in the crossfire between nurturance of youth and punishment of criminals, between rehabilitation and "get tough" pronouncements. In the midst of this emotional debate, the National Research Council's Panel on Juvenile Crime steps forward with an authoritative review of the best available data and analysis. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice presents recommendations for addressing the many aspects of America's youth crime problem. This timely release discusses patterns and trends in crimes by children and adolescentsâ€"trends revealed by arrest data, victim reports, and other sources; youth crime within general crime; and race and sex disparities. The book explores desistanceâ€"the probability that delinquency or criminal activities decrease with ageâ€"and evaluates different approaches to predicting future crime rates. Why do young people turn to delinquency? Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice presents what we know and what we urgently need to find out about contributing factors, ranging from prenatal care, differences in temperament, and family influences to the role of peer relationships, the impact of the school policies toward delinquency, and the broader influences of the neighborhood and community. Equally important, this book examines a range of solutions: Prevention and intervention efforts directed to individuals, peer groups, and families, as well as day care-, school- and community-based initiatives. Intervention within the juvenile justice system. Role of the police. Processing and detention of youth offenders. Transferring youths to the adult judicial system. Residential placement of juveniles. The book includes background on the American juvenile court system, useful comparisons with the juvenile justice systems of other nations, and other important information for assessing this problem.
Adolescence is a distinct, yet transient, period of development between childhood and adulthood characterized by increased experimentation and risk-taking, a tendency to discount long-term consequences, and heightened sensitivity to peers and other social influences. A key function of adolescence is developing an integrated sense of self, including individualization, separation from parents, and personal identity. Experimentation and novelty-seeking behavior, such as alcohol and drug use, unsafe sex, and reckless driving, are thought to serve a number of adaptive functions despite their risks. Research indicates that for most youth, the period of risky experimentation does not extend beyond adolescence, ceasing as identity becomes settled with maturity. Much adolescent involvement in criminal activity is part of the normal developmental process of identity formation and most adolescents will mature out of these tendencies. Evidence of significant changes in brain structure and function during adolescence strongly suggests that these cognitive tendencies characteristic of adolescents are associated with biological immaturity of the brain and with an imbalance among developing brain systems. This imbalance model implies dual systems: one involved in cognitive and behavioral control and one involved in socio-emotional processes. Accordingly adolescents lack mature capacity for self-regulations because the brain system that influences pleasure-seeking and emotional reactivity develops more rapidly than the brain system that supports self-control. This knowledge of adolescent development has underscored important differences between adults and adolescents with direct bearing on the design and operation of the justice system, raising doubts about the core assumptions driving the criminalization of juvenile justice policy in the late decades of the 20th century. It was in this context that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) asked the National Research Council to convene a committee to conduct a study of juvenile justice reform. The goal of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach was to review recent advances in behavioral and neuroscience research and draw out the implications of this knowledge for juvenile justice reform, to assess the new generation of reform activities occurring in the United States, and to assess the performance of OJJDP in carrying out its statutory mission as well as its potential role in supporting scientifically based reform efforts.
WALT WHITMAN Ultimate Collection: 500+ Works in Poetry & Prose is an extensive compilation of the iconic American poet's complete works, showcasing his revolutionary free verse style and his celebration of individualism, nature, and democracy. spanning from his early poems to his later reflections in prose, this collection provides a comprehensive look into Whitman's evolving literary genius and his influence on American literature. Whitman's bold experimentation with form and content marked a departure from traditional poetic conventions of his time, making him a pioneer in the transcendentalist movement. His unique use of language and vivid imagery continues to inspire readers and scholars alike. Walt Whitman, known as the "Bard of Democracy," was deeply influenced by his experiences as a nurse during the Civil War and his belief in the interconnectedness of all living beings. His profound understanding of the human experience and his passion for social reform shine through in his works, making him a timeless voice in American literature. This ultimate collection is a must-read for anyone interested in poetry, American history, and the evolution of literary form.
This report serves to assess the Nation¿s progress in addressing juvenile crime. The 2007 data bring some welcome news, as the recent trend of modest increases in juvenile arrests in 2005 and 2006 has been broken. The good news is reflected not only in the 2% decline in overall juvenile arrests and the 3% decline in juvenile arrests for violent crimes from 2006 to 2007 but also in the data for most offense categories, for males and females, and for white and minority youth. However, one area that merits continued attention is disproportionate minority contact with the juvenile justice system. For example, the arrest rate for robbery among black juveniles was more than 10 times that for white youth in 2007. Charts and tables.
Part Seven in the Fishes of the Western North Atlantic series describes the neosopelids (2 genera, 4 species) and lanternfishes (20 genera, 82 species), with an account of Atlantic mesopelagic zoogeography that serves as a model for predicting occurrences of many ocean animals. There are accounts of 86 species in 2 families and 22 genera of bony fishes, among the most abundant of deep oceanic waters, and prime species for the study of oceanic zoogeography and for monitoring and assessment of the oceans. Specialist authorships of its sections include detailed species descriptions with keys, life history and general habits, abundance, range, and relation to human activity, such as economic and sporting importance. The text is written for an audience of amateur and professional ichthyologists, sportsmen, and fishermen, based on new revisions, original research, and critical reviews of existing information. Species are illustrated by exceptional black and white line drawings, accompanied by distribution maps and tables of meristic data.
This authors studied two cohorts of juveniles -- 500 persistently delinquent boys, and 500 non-delinquents -- in an attempt to establish the causes of criminal behaviour. Factors studied included : family, ethnic derivation, age, intelligence, area of residence, body types and medical, social and psychological factors. The data used by the Gluecks was re-analysed in 1995 by Robert Sampson and John H. Laub, published their results in two books : Crime in the making, and Shared beginnings, divergent lives.
"This book provides an overview of the field of victimology, including a collection of carefully selected articles that have previously appeared in leading journals, along with original material in a mini-chapter format that contextualizes the concepts. It provides the history and development of the field of victimology, explains who is victimized and why, explains how the criminal justice system and other social services interact with victims and each other, and provides information about specific types of victimization."--Back cover.