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The majority of the 1998 Wasatch Front landslides were likely triggered following a cumulative rise in ground-water levels resulting from four or more successive years of above-normal precipitation. Triggering of landslide movement likely coincided with a transient ground-water-level rise associated with the spring snowmelt and contemporaneous above-normal precipitation. In most Wasatch Front areas, 1998 was the wettest as well as the last year of the precipitation period. An increase in landslide activity began in 1997, following two to four successive years of above-normal precipitation. This study examines the relation between the 1998 landslides and the 1995-98 precipitation period (1993-98 in Spanish Fork Canyon). Accordingly, this study investigates the significance of the most recent precipitation period in relation to the historical precipitation record, and compares it with the 1980-86 period. In addition, other causes of the 1998 landsliding are explored, most importantly hillside modification related to residential development. This study also examines several issues, and their implications, related to the 1998 Wasatch Front landslides including the susceptibility to reactivation of pre-existing landslides, consideration of the state of landslide activity, and the possibility of developing landslide-movement prediction tools based on an instability threshold concept. The majority of the landslides discussed occurred near urbanized areas of the Wasatch Front and consisted of either translational or rotational earth slides in pre-existing landslide areas. The discussion and conclusions are limited to these landslides and locations. The case histories presented provide new data intended to further the understanding of landslide hazards in the Wasatch Front.
The U.S. Department of Energygass Savannah River Site supports a diverse bat community. Nine species occur there regularly, including the eastern pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflavus), southeastern myotis (Myotis austroriparius), evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis), Rafinesquegass big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii), silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), Seminole bat (L. seminolus), hoary bat (L. cinereus), and big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). There are extralimital capture records for two additional species: little brown bat (M. lucifigus) and northern yellow bat (Lasiurus intermedius). Acoustical sampling has documented the presence of Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis), but none has been captured. Among those species common to the Site, the southeastern myotis and Rafinesque's big-eared bat are listed in South Carolina as threatened and endangered, respectively. The presence of those two species, and a growing concern for the conservation of forest-dwelling bats, led to extensive and focused research on the Savannah River Site between 1996 and 2002. Summarizing this and other bat research, we provide species accounts that discuss morphology and distribution, roosting and foraging behaviors, home range characteristics, habitat relations, and reproductive biology. We also present information on conservation needs and rabies issues; and, finally, identification keys that may be useful wherever the bat species we describe are found.