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A Civil Society explores the struggle to initiate women as full participants in the masonic brotherhood that shared in the rise of France's civil society and its "civic morality" on behalf of women's rights. As a vital component of the third sector during France's modernization, freemasonry empowered women in complex social networks, contributing to a more liberal republic, a more open society, and a more engaged public culture. James Smith Allen shows that although women initially met with stiff resistance, their induction into the brotherhood was a significant step in the development of French civil society and its "civic morality," including the promotion of women's rights in the late nineteenth century. Pulling together the many gendered facets of masonry, Allen draws from periodicals, memoirs, and archival material to account for the rise of women within the masonic brotherhood in the context of rapid historical change. Thanks to women's social networks and their attendant social capital, masonry came to play a leading role in French civil society and the rethinking of gender relations in the public sphere.
This first-rate introduction to the study of social networks combines a hands-on manual with an up-to-date review of the latest research and techniques. The authors provide a thorough grounding in the application of the methods of social network analysis. They offer an understanding of the theory of social structures in which social network analysis is grounded, a summary of the concepts needed for dealing with more advanced techniques, and guides for using the primary computer software packages for social network analysis.
Martines de Pasqually was born in Grenoble, around 1710, from a father of Spanish origin and a French mother. He was military in France for a few years with the rank of lieutenant. In 1747, he was in the service of Spain and fought in Italy at its service. In his book The Life of Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin, on page 9, the historian Jacques Matter writes about him: "He (Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin) met Martines de Pasqually, one of these extraordinary men, great hierophant of secret initiations which, to communicate their mysteries, seek less the great reputation than a confidential setting." He considers the masonry of his time being apocryphal, that is, diverted from his goal. In Foix, he founded a chapter, the Temple of the �lus Coh�ns. However, it is in Bordeaux that the activities of the Order of the �lus Coh�ns begin. Martines moved there in April 1762 to establish the general center of his activities.